Dzhonson Semyuel: A Biography, izici yokudala, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Semyuel Dzhonson - IsiZulu umhlaziyi, umbhali wemilando yokuphila kwabantu, umlobi, imbongi kanye wesichazamazwi. It is njengelinye lamazwe izibalo olukhulu ekuphileni nezincwadi kwekhulu XVIII. Esinye isizathu ukuthandwa, okuyinto namuhla uyawuthanda Semyuel Dzhonson, - ucaphuna umbhali.

i-curriculum vitae

Dzhonson Semyuel wazalwa edolobheni yesifundazwe Lichfield, e Staffordshire, e Michael Johnson nomndeni eyingoduso ezincwadini ukuhweba kanye zokubhala, uSara 18 Septhemba 1709. Ubaba (futhi kamuva indodana yakhe) ngangenwa neziqubu zokudabuka, kodwa inhlonipho yakhe: ngesikhathi yokuzalwa USamuweli yena, wayesebenze njengesisebenzi sikaZwelonke. Dzhonson Semyuel eseyingane bayagula futhi bokungamele ukusinda. Ngo-1711, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emibili, kuba pheze abayizimpumputhe, kancane abayizithulu, abaphethwe scrofula sofuba, wayiswa Queen Anne kulowo ngokuthinta yakhe waphulukisa abagulayo. Kodwa ukuphulukisa ngokuyisimangaliso, Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke.

Ngo 1716-m Johnson, ebucayi, Clumsy, hhayi ngeminyaka yabo, wabhalisa esikoleni Lichfield. Kwakuthinta eliholwa abafundile kodwa enobudlova Dzhon Hanter, esishaya abafundi babo, ukuze ngamazwi akhe, ukuze amsindise esigodweni. Kamuva uSamuweli waphikelela ngokuthi uma ebengalidluliselanga iye yashaywa, ubengeke ngalutho. Nokho, ngaphansi kobuholi Hunter ayekufunde Latin nesiGreki, futhi waqala ukubhala izinkondlo. Ngo 1725, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-16, izinyanga eziyisithupha, a Johnson yesifundazwe wayevakashele umzala wakhe Cornelius Ford, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eshayeka owayenguthisha e Cambridge. Kube eqala ukuzwa ukuthi ukhona emhlabeni bokusungula nokulotshwa kwalo.

Ukuphunyuka

Ngo 1726 wathola iziqu esikoleni esiphakeme futhi wayosebenza sezincwadi kayise. Lokho kwaba yiphutha. Impilo ka-uSamuel Johnson izimoto kule minyaka emibili ezayo bekagula, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Waqhubeka ngomdlandla futhi ngobudlabha ukufunda isiNgisi kanye nezincwadi zakudala.

Ngo 1728, nge ifa elincane amakhilogremu amane kwesokunxele ngunina ngemuva Ukufa kwesihlobo, ngokungalindelekile wavele wangena at Pembroke College, Oxford. Nokho, lapho wayengasaboni ukunikeza ngokwabo ngokudla okwanele, leyo ndaba, futhi sekuyiminyaka eminingi ngilangazelela ukuza. Iphinde waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zesifo melancholy ezokwenza uhlupho naye impilo yakhe yonke. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba ngizinake izifundo zabo futhi 1789, kuba ecindezelekile kakhulu futhi ayiyinhle neze ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo, washiya Oxford, ngaphandle kokuthola diploma.

Incwadi yokuqala

Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Latin "Mesiya" UPapa, Johnson ezenziwe ngesikhathi izifundo zakhe, yanyatheliswa ngo-1731, kodwa ngesikhathi abampofu, ezikweletini, ukucindezeleka, kancane yimpumputhe yisithulu bahlukumezeka ngenxa scrofula futhi ingxibongo USamuweli wesaba ingqondo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-December ngomnyaka ofanayo uyise eshona, futhi ungeke uzithole usuwile.

Ngo-1732, Johnson wathola umsebenzi mnyango esikoleni esiphakeme Market Bosworth. Lapho ngivakashele Birmingham, ehlangana Genri Porterom kanye nomkakhe u-Elizabeth. Ngonyaka olandelayo, elele embhedeni ngesikhathi Ekuhambeleni okulandelayo eside ukuba abangane abasha Samuweli wabizela English version ezifingqiwe translation French yencwadi "Journey ku-Abyssinia," eyalotshwa ngekhulu XVII. OngumJesuit isiPutukezi. Waba incwadi yakhe yokuqala yanyatheliswa futhi Johnson got guineas ezinhlanu ngenxa yakhe.

umshado

Ngo-1735, ngesikhathi eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, Johnson washada Umfelokazi u-Elizabeth I-porter oneminyaka engu-46 ubudala. A isipho ngumkayo, ezingafinyelela amakhilogremu 700, uSamuweli wasungula isikhungo wangasese eduze Lichfield. Phakathi abafundi NguDavide Garrick owaba umlingisi odumile isikhathi sakhe esiningi futhi umngane Johnson. Ngu 1737 Academy waya yimali, futhi uSamuweli unqume ukwenza imali eshisiwe emkhakheni tetemibhalo, waya eLondon ephelezelwa Garrick.

ekudalweni

Ngo-1738, esahlala London ngobumpofu, Johnson waqala ukuloba ngokuba "Journal of the umnumzana," Edvarda Keyva. Kube wanyathelisa "London" - Belingisa ukubhinqa Juvenal ku baziphatha lasendulo, okuyiwona wathola guineas eziyishumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, watholana nge Richard Savage, enye imbongi abampofu nge idumela ezingabazisayo.

Phakathi 1740 m 1743 m, it is ukuhlelwa Bafanele bangenele tinkhulumomphikiswano ePhalamende "Imizwa umnumzana". Ngemva kweminyaka ethile, babubatshazwa ekuboniseni ukungakhethi.

Ngo 1744, Richard Sevidzh bafela ejele Bristol. Johnson wabhala "Savage Life" iphawuleka ukuveza kwayo ngobuqotho izimfanelo ezinhle nobuthakathaka babantu omunye umlingisi. Umkhiqizo owayiloba lokuqala temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, yabakhanga ifundelwe umphakathi.

Ngo 1745 wakhipha umqulu "A ezihlukahlukene kokuma mayelana nenhlekelele" Macbeth. " Ngonyaka olandelayo, lapho usayine inkontileka neqembu labamemezeli Wenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala isichazamazwi ulimi lwesiNgisi, okufanayo eshicilelwe eFrance amalungu amane French Academy. Waphenduka nge "Hlela silulumagama" yakhe Yokubala Chesterfield, kodwa wayesesendaweni igobolondo Okuqukethwe akuzwakali kahle. Umphumela waba yencazelo Johnson izwi elandelayo "abavikela": "Lona nguyena okusizayo, kusiza futhi ivikela. Ngokuvamile kuba villain esekela ngokuzidla emuva ukuthopha. "

Ngo 1748 nge eziyisithupha abasizi Johnson yayiswa endlini enkulu e Fleet Street, futhi waqala umsebenzi ukuhlanganisa kusichazamazwi. Ngo 1749 lalibukeka umsebenzi wakhe melancholy "kuyize izifiso zabantu," Garrick futhi Johnson ubeke usizi "Irene" ngesikhathi Drury Lane.

Phakathi 1750 futhi 1752 iminyaka amasonto amabili, azidalile Tindzaba engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili "Rembler". Ngo 1752-m Umkakhe wafa esikhathini esingengakanani. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Johnson wabuyela Oxford, lapho ahlangana khona Thomas Wharton, Ngokuzayo imbongi Prize. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngosizo Uortona Semyuel ekugcineni efika iziqu zeMasters e-Oxford. Ngawo lowo nyaka IsiZulu lwakhe olukhulu Dictionary eliphelele lagcina liqedwe futhi ishicilelwe, futhi nakuba wayengumuntu namanje kulabo ababempofu kakhulu, idumela lakhe tetemibhalo ukuthi ngokuqondile aqine. Phakathi nale nkathi wazana ne abasha uJoshuwa Reynolds, Bennet Langton futhi Tofamom Boklerkom.

Ngo 1756, Dzhonson Semyuel wabhala, "Iziphakamiso olusha lwencwadi Shakespeare" Nokho, okuyinto, akazange avele 1765. Wabuye aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe njengoba intatheli, umhleli kanye Umhlanganisi uqala. Lapho eboshwa izikweletu, isibambiso wenza Semyuel Richardson. Phakathi 1758 futhi 1760 wabhala uchungechunge Tindzaba "Eshu." Ngo 1759, likanina uSara wafa, asele ngimthole belusizi, wabhalela zokuziphatha inganekwane "Rasselas" ukukhokha, wathi, umngcwabo.

umhlala

Ngo 1762, ngemva ukubusa kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi e-King George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, ingeniso mali yakhe izincwadi okuningi akuzange kumlethele nentando yakhe ukuthola impesheni pounds 300 ngonyaka. Nokho, ukuqashwa kukaNksz guest house ujantshi kwaba udidekile nakakhulu, ngoba wayengumuntu lweli party Ya empumelelweni bese uhlala, futhi, ukhumbula ukuxhashazwa Whigs, wachaza igama elithi "impesheni" kusichazamazwi sakhe ngokuthi "inkokhelo ukuze bakahulumeni ukuze ekhaphela ezweni lakhe." Ngokokuqala ngqá wayengekho ukuphila kwakhe ophoqelelwe ukusindisa ezidingekayo futhi nakuba umbono wakhe yayimangaza futhi nakanjani asikiwe, waba omunye edume kakhulu umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu yezingonyama etemibhalo. Lapho umbhangqwana yilezozintombi wamhlangabeza ngesikhathi kusihlwa tetemibhalo, uzwakalise strangeness ukumangala niwubone umzimba wakhe, njengokungathi uhlobo oluthile monster kusuka ezingwadule zase-Afrika, Johnson wababona ukuthi ziyathanjiswa futhi kungenziwa stroked.

Ngo 1763, waqale wahlangana James Boswell. Naphezu kwaqala Scottish (Johnson manqikanqika Scots - kungakho definition odumo: "Oats - kungcono okusanhlamvu kuyo, kona eNgilandi niyadla ihhashi, futhi eScotland abantu"), bayakwazi ukuthola izinto abazidingayo kahle nomunye. Ngo 1764 yasungulwa "Literary Club" enamalungu babe Reynolds, u-Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell futhi Johnson.

USamuweli ngo-1765 ngaphansi editorship enkulumweni yaso enyathelisiwe Shakespeare nge esanduleleni omkhulu futhi kuvula ingqondo futhi uthole i-Doctor zokuhlonipha Yomthetho Sciences eTrinity College e Dublin. Waphinde wahlangana nezicebi uHenry no-Esther Trail, uzochitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha elilandelayo (eziningi ukukhuluma, kodwa ukwenza lokusungula kancane). Johnson wake wathi: "Khulula ukubhala chumps kuphela."

Ngo-1769 Boswell, ekubeni ummeli e-Edinburgh, washada, futhi wahlala eScotland kuze 1772 th. Phakathi 1770 futhi 1775 Johnson ikhiphe uchungechunge enobudlova, kodwa Izici categorical emaphamfulethi zezombusazwe. Ngo-August 1773, nakuba ayesenezinsuku edelelekile njalo Scotland, uSamuweli wathatha uhambo wabekela Boswell ku le Hebrides. Ngo-July 1774 Johnson Inqola waya Wales. Ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Oliver Abakhandi, omunye ababephila ngesikhathi ezimbalwa, ubani wayewazisa kakhulu, ufile, umbhali wazizwa ngilahlekelwe kakhulu.

Semyuel Dzhonson Patriot

Khona-ke waloba iphamfulethi "The Patriot", okuyinto wagxeka lokho ayekubheka ukushisekela ubuzwe ukuthi zingamanga. Kusihlwa, April 7, 1775, lapho adumileyo ukuthi wokushisekela izwe kuyinto isiphephelo lokugcina scoundrel. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, kwakhishwa lesi simemezelo libhekisela hhayi ukushisekela ubuzwe bebonke, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwaleli gama John Stewart, Earl of Bute nabasekeli bakhe futhi izitha, edlala ku-imvelaphi yakhe angewona awesiNgisi. Johnson babemelene alwa self-wamemezela bebonke, kodwa wakwazisa wokushisekela izwe "iqiniso".

lokukhulula

Ngo 1775 wakhipha umqulu "Journey Western Islands of Scotland." Yakhe Ngawo lowo nyaka, Johnson wathola zokumhlonipha University of Oxford, kanye umzila wavakashela France (okuyinto uthole Scotland nakakhulu). USamuweli ngamandla asabela ngayo American Revolution, echaza bamakoloni abavukelayo, njengokungathi "niluhlanga iziboshwa." Ngo 1776, wahamba waya Oxford Boswell, Ashbourne futhi Lichfield, lapho imvula bareheaded wema esigcawini emakethe phambi kwaleso sakhiwo, okuyinto behlaliswe esitolo sezincwadi kayise, ukhulula a "ukuphulwa ehlonipha fb" uzibophezele engu-50 edlule. Namuhla inedlanzana Museum of uSamuel Johnson.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngo 1778 wahlangana Fanni Berni oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala, kwaba umbhali uphumelele "Evelyn". Ngonyaka olandelayo, uDavide Garrick, umfundi endala Johnson nomngane wakhe omkhulu, wafa, futhi uSamuweli futhi zazamazama. Ngo-1781, ngemva kunyatheliswa incwadi "Uhlala we Izimbongi English", wafa Genri Treyl. USamuweli ukududuzwa umfelokazi wakhe futhi wayeya ukumshada. Nokho, ngo-1783, impilo yakhe waqala ukuwohloka waze washaywa unhlangothi. Ngonyaka olandelayo, kancane walulama, yasihlephula nge uNkk Inqola lapho ememezele inhloso ukuba bashade Gabriel Piotstsi.

UDkt Semyuel Dzhonson, ohlushwa sifo, isifuba somoya, edema nokuvuvukala, wathola ukuthi ukwesaba ukufa waqala ukuthola kubo, kodwa wamhlangabeza ngesibindi njengoba nazo zonke ubunzima ekuphileni kwakhe. Disemba 13, washona eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-75. Wayelethwa eWestminster Abbey ngo-December 20.