Arctic Ocean: ekutadisheni olwandle. Umlando ekuhloleni Arctic Ocean

I-Arctic Ocean ingenye yezindawo esiwugwadule kakhulu kule planethi. Noma kunjalo, abantu aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuba lapho ngisho ngaphambili kuka ePacific. Yayiyini umlando ocean ukuhlola izwe futhi ubani ohilelekile esifundweni sakhe? Kufanele ukufunda ukwaziswa ngamunye nezikhathi ehlobene nale ndawo, kusukela Age of Discovery futhi kuze kube namuhla.

I wabahloli lokuqala

Ngokokuqala ngqá kulezi zindawo, abantu babe ngisho namakhulu eminyaka leshumi nanye. Pomorie, owayehlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Russian Federation, ukuza ogwini esiqhingini Spitsbergen futhi Novaya Zemlya, futhi wayekwazi ukuthola i-Atlantic Ocean. Lwathi luphela ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, amatilosi Russian wayaziwa lonke ugu kuze soMfula ob. Age of Discovery kwaba isikhathi ukucinga izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana kanye emazweni yokuzamazama. Kulezi zikhathi British, amatilosi Russian futhi Dutch waqala ukuzama ukuthola indlela lisuka e-Atlantic baya ePacific, ngomkhumbi ogwini-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Donsela it off eziningi enyakatho thiya ukuntuleka imishini. Ngakho, i-British Hudson Thorn bese isigxobo bahluleka. Willoughby kanye uBarents yehlulekile ngisho ukubhukuda Sea Kara - nokulungiselela okungalungile ngendlela yomkhumbi kunqunywa umphumela uhambo.

Ukuvula besebunzimeni entsha

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesikhombisa senziwa imizamo kuphumelele kakhulu ukufunda e-Arctic Ocean. Ocean Ucwaningo Baffin baqhubeka, okuphindaphindiwe uhambo beyofuna Northwest uMzila. Wahamba ngomkhumbi waya ngasogwini Greenland, wathola emlonyeni eStraits of Lancaster futhi Smith. Ukungena ngale kubo akazange avunyelwe iqhwa, kungani Baffin wanquma ukuthi ndima okwengeziwe nhlobo. Ukuhluleka nezinye mikhankaso ezalandela, kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi abantu ababephila abakwazanga ukufakazela okuphambene.

amatilosi Russian

umnikelo Omkhulu ekutadisheni Arctic Ocean ososayensi Russian. Imicabango mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu ukudlula akazange ashiye abantu. Lokhu ukuzethemba wavezwa Gerasimov e 1525. Indlela emfushane yonkana ice, ivela sokuhlupheka Novaya Zemlya oluya echwebeni Providence, kuyinto nanhlanu namakhulu ayisithupha neshumi amakhilomitha, kuba umgwaqo kusukela Murmansk ukuze Vladivostok. Ukutadisha-Arctic Ocean ukuba isebenzise lo mzila kwenziwa ekuqaleni we nesikhombisa leminyaka iphayona Rebrov. Wafinyelela soMfula Yana, futhi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elifanayo Dezhnev ephethwe ukuya phambili, ukuya emhlabeni enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi bethola iBering Strait. Kodwa sekwenzeka ayengakulindele. Umlando ekuhloleni Arctic Ocean uye wazakhela nhlekelele - Umbiko Dezhneva elahlekile ngesikhathi ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili ubudala futhi wathola kuphela ngemva kokufa isihambi.

Ukucinga Uqhubeka

Kuze kube sekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye babe izifundo iyona ye-Arctic Ocean. Isifinyezo umcimbi akubandakanyi okwatholwa wamavukelambuso kwalesi sikhathi. Nokho, ukuhamba enyakatho namanje nesithakazelo esikhulu. Ngalezi iminyaka lwamagama owaziwa axhunyaniswa - ngokwesibonelo, Bering futhi Krusenstern. Umbango phakathi England nase Russia ngezindlela ezintsha ukuthola inkinga kwaba kubi kakhulu. Eyokuqala wathunyelwa enyakatho isikhathi esingaphezu ayisithupha lokuyoshumayela. Imiphumela ezinye zazo alikakashicilelwa kuze kube manje. Ngo 1770 Herk isihambi waya ukufunda e-Arctic Ocean. izifundo ocean abangu exhasiwe ngaseMfuleni Hudson. Ngokusho imiphumela ukubhukuda, wabhala ukuthi ndima khona ukungabaza. Kwakukhona kuphela imicabango emisha nezinto ezicatshangwayo, akukho imininingwane e amakhadi awavelanga. abacwaningi Russian ngikhiphile Omkhulu Northern Expedition, okuyinto wakhulelwa uPetru Okokuqala by. Amagama abahlanganyeli zaziwa futhi manje - kuyinto Chelyuskin, Laptev, Ponchischevy. Kodwa abazange ukuluqeda lolu hambo. Nokho, impumelelo sigcwalise ngokucophelela amakhadi kokuvula iphuzu esisenyakatho kunazo zonke i-Eurasia yayigcwele, okuyinto namuhla iqanjwe Cape Chelyuskin.

Ukuphela yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye emlandweni ekutadisheni olwandle

Arctic lahlala awangaphelela waqonda isikhathi eside. Noma kunjalo nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka ehambisana ne eziningi ezibalulekile amagama, okuyinto kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ukutadisha e-Arctic Ocean. Kafushane Kuhle kokusho Rumyantsev futhi Kruzenshtern, abadali iphrojekthi ukuhlola ogwini Melika kanye ukufinyelela Pole. Ngenxa mikhankaso eziningi, kwatholakala ukuthi izimo ocean ice engalingani phakathi nawo wonke unyaka. It wenziwe isiphakamiso ezintsha. Admiral Makarov ingashintshwa ukuze ukuhambisa umkhumbi ekhethekile. I ophihliza iqhwa lokuqala ngokuthi "Ermak" waze kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ubani ngaphambili. abacwaningi Foreign bakwazi ukuhambisa ngempumelelo ngenkathi kuhanjwa Fridtjof Nansen emkhunjini "Fram". Phakathi usosayensi drift wathola imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana ocean nesimo sendawo, ukubunjwa amanzi uquqaba neqhwa, isimo sezulu ezindaweni ezimaphakathi.

Ucwaningo we ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu entsha, imvelo umsebenzi ishintshile. Ucwaningo e-Arctic Ocean kwekhulu lama-20 ovunyelwe kuzuzwe imiphumela ebalulekile nge ezingeni ezahlukene kwezikhali nokuqeqeshwa. Ngezenzo wahlamba esifundeni njengoba isiNgisi nesiRashiya, baseMelika, baseNorway. Ngo-1909 idaliwe icebreakers steel ne izinjini ezinamandla ukuthi bayakwazi ukudala ibalazwe ukujula eliyingqayizivele futhi ifinyelele soMfula ULena. Nokho, kwenziwa 1912, uhambo ukuze North Pole futhi akuphumelelanga. Abantu namanje akazange ukuphatha ayokuhlula-Arctic Ocean. ucwaningo Ocean lwenziwe emkhakheni entshonalanga. Ngo-1920 waqala yesihlanu uhambo Rasmussen, owafika esuka eGreenland Alaska. North Pole zafika okokuqala kaPeary.

Mastering ndima

Umlando ekuhloleni Arctic Ocean iye ngqo exhumene ne search for indlela kusuka Murmansk eGreenland. Breakthrough ephethwe ukwenza ice-full "Josef Stalin", ngubani owakwazi ukuyazi kahle pass edume. Umgudu umsebenzi ishintshile - impumelelo zezindiza kwenza kwaba lula ukufunda leli qhwa emoyeni ukuthi wenza Amundsen nge Ellsworth. Zathola ukuthi i-enyakatho Greenland akuyona sushi. Futhi Baird wakwazi ukuthola indiza ukuze North Pole. Ngokufanayo, ososayensi behlola futhi Point Barrow, e-Alaska. Ngo-1937, leli qhwa waqala esiteshini lokuqala Hydro-Meteorological, ukuhlola ubunjalo amanzi wendawo. Ingabe naye wafundelwa ngokuningiliziwe impumuzo, okuyinto ehlukile e-Arctic Ocean. ucwaningo Ocean elivulela ezingeni lesimanje.

Isigaba sokugcina zocwaningo

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, lapho umsebenzi limiswe, umlando omusha we enyakatho. izindlela ziye zasetshenziswa laboratory umzuzile value theory. Modern locwaningo e-Arctic Ocean uholé ekutholakaleni entsha amabanga - Mendeleev futhi Lomonosov. Found phansi umcengezi baguqula umbono wangaphambili mayelana nempumuzo. Njengoba iqhwa maphakathi nekhulu le-waletha ithimba izihambi ngubani esasichitha bacwaninga esikhathini esifushane. Bathole Gakkel Ridge, i kumiswa kwamanzi emvelo mlilo. Ngo-1963, le ndoda yakwazi ukuthola ngaphansi iqhwa North Pole ngomkhumbi izikhali zenuzi. Ngo-1977 iqembu elathatha uhambo phezu ophihliza iqhwa kwenziwa, okuyinto futhi yaphela ngempumelelo. Man ngilinqobile-Arctic Ocean.

ucwaningo Ocean siyaqhubeka ososayensi baseCanada, American futhi Russian. Kodwa ubunjalo umsebenzi wabo isiba theory kakhulu futhi iphuzu zokuhlola - kumephu lemikhakha kwesokunxele namabala amhlophe, futhi uhambo ukuze North Pole akubonakali inselele okuyobalahlekisela onesibindi pilgrim ukuphila ukuthi kwakubaluleke kangangokuthi eminyaka ambalwa adlule, inkathi Elikhulu okutholakele yendawo ekupheleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye.