Charles Babbage sika Analytical Engine: incazelo, izici, umlando izakhiwo

Charlz Bebbidzh (1791-1871) - iphayona yokudala computer ubunjiniyela, ezahlela grade 2 amakhompyutha - Umehluko futhi Analytical. Eyokuqala lethiwa ngenxa izimiso zezibalo ngalo kusekelwe - indlela umehluko ezilinganiselwe. ubuhle Its in the ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile izibalo kwalokho ngaphandle kwesidingo kokuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa, okuyizinto nzima ukuqonda athutha.

Bangaphezu kuka-wokubala

Umehluko Engine Babbage simele kudivayisi nokubala. Isebenza izinombolo indlela kuphela olukwaziyo ngokuqhubekayo emakhiyubhi nabo ngokweseluleko indlela umehluko ezilinganiselwe. Ngeke isetshenziselwe izibalo jikelele izibalo. Analytical efanayo umshini Babbage sika okungaphezu nje wokubala. Uphawula yenguquko ukusuka izibalo ukuze ngomshini full-scale jikelele-njongo Computing. Emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela ukuvela imibono Babbage, okungenani kwakunamaJuda 3 amaphrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ubheke imishini kohlaziyo isebuningini.

I lula kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo ubunjiniyela

Babbage Computing Imishini amayunithi idesimali ngomqondo ukuthi usebenzisa izinombolo 10 kusukela 0 kuya 9, futhi digital ngoba usebenza kuphela integers. Amanani kwamagiya, futhi isigaba ngasinye inikezwe isondo yakhe. Uma eyeka sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi integers, umphumela ungakacaci, futhi ukusebenza kwe-umshini ivinjelwe, ukukhombisa ukuhlukumeza ubuqotho izibalo. Kuyinto uhlobo iphutha ukuthola.

Bebbidzh futhi wayebheka ukusetshenziswa efile sokubala izinhlelo ngaphandle idesimali e t. H. Binary futhi isisekelo 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 no-100 It is wayeka ngesikhathi idesimali, ngenxa yokujwayelana nobunjiniyela yayo kahle ngoba sibonga ke kakhulu kwanciphisa inani ezihambayo izingxenye.

Umehluko Engine №1

Ngo 1821, Babbage sesiqala ukwakha indlela sokubalwa kanye Ukubala polynomial imisebenzi. Umbhali uwuchaza kudivayisi ukucabanga okuzenzakalelayo wokulandelana yamanani ekunyatheliseni ngokuzenzekelayo imiphumela in ifomu tabular. Ingxenye ebalulekile isakhiwo iphrinta is athutha kuhambisane kwesigaba sokubala. Umehluko Engine №1 limelela design lokuqala eliphelele ukwenza ngokuzenzakalela izibalo.

Ngezikhathi ezithile Babbage ushintshe kedivaysi. Design 1830 limelela umshini eyenzelwe amadijithi 16 futhi 6 oda ezidlula umehluko. Imodeli lalinabashumayeli we th 25. Izingxenye ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi ikhompyutha ne-kwesigaba iphrinta. Uma idivayisi lwakhiwe, ngabe kulinganiswe nokulinganiswa kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani 4 babezoba ukuphakama 2.4 m. Sebenza kwi Babbage Umehluko Engine samiswa e 1832, kulandela ukungaboni ngaso linye ne-engineer Joseph Clement. uxhaso Public ziphela ekugcineni ngo-1842

injini kohlaziyo

Lapho umsebenzi emshinini umehluko ekhuluphalisiweyo ngo-1834, Babbage wakhulelwa kudivayisi wokuvelela ngaphezulu, okuyinto kamuva okuthiwa Analytical jikelele ehlelwe Computing indlela. I izakhiwo isakhi Babbage umshini kakhulu sihambisana eziyisisekelo sendawo ikhompyutha samanje sedijithali. UHlelo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa Punch amakhadi. Lo mbono lathathwa uhlaka lokweluka indwangu Jacquard, lapho esetshenziselwa ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi amaphethini yendwangu.

Isakhiwo okunengqondo we kohlaziyo injini Babbage ngokuyisisekelo sifana design evelele yekhompuyutha inkathi, okusho Memory ( "esitolo") uhlukane processor central ( "isigayo"), ukubulawa ezilandelanayo zokusebenza kusho input bese okukhipha idatha kanye nemiyalelo. Ngakho-ke, isihloko ukuthuthukiswa iphayona kumbhali ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, kwaba kuhle esizifanele.

Memory futhi CPU

I Babbage umshini kuyinto "esitolo" lapho ukugcina izinombolo kanye ngemiphumela zesikhashana, kanye "isigayo" elehlukile, engikhiphela ukucubungula izibalo. Yena kwakufanele iqoqo 4 imisebenzi izibalo futhi ongenza ukubuyabuyelela oqondile nokuhlukanisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idivayisi wakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ukuthi manje zinamagama okunemibandela amagatsha umjikelezo (okushiwoyo), microprogramming, ukucutshungulwa okufanayo, ukulungisa, ishayela ekubumbeni nokunye. N. Umbhali obuciko alisetshenziswa.

CPU injini kohlaziyo kaCharles Babbage, alibiza ngokuthi "esigayweni", inikeza:

• ukugcina izinombolo, imisebenzi okuyizinto wenza ngokushesha, ezincwadini;
• It has ihadiwe ukusebenza nabo eyisisekelo izibalo imisebenzi;
• ukudluliswa kwe-imiyalelo kusebenziseka kalula zangaphandle ukuphathwa yangaphakathi enemininingwane;
• uhlelo ukuvumelanisa (iwashi) ezokhipha imiyalelo ngendlela ezikhethwe ngokucophelela.

Mshini ukulawula umshini kohlaziyo usebenza ngokuzenzekelayo futhi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: ephansi ezingeni, kulawulwa izigubhu omkhulu, ngokuthi emiphongolweni, futhi izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu usebenzisa amakhadi ngesibhakela eyenzelwe jacquard kusondela, is kabanzi 1800s okuqala.

amadivaysi okukhipha

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izibalo uboniswa ngezindlela ezihlukene okubalwa ukuphrinta, amakhadi ngesibhakela, yenza ugobe futhi ukukhiqizwa othomathikhi kwenkolelo engaguqukiyo - emathileyi ka impahla soft lapho umphumela ukuphrinta ikhiqizwa ukuthi singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela ifomu ukusakaza izingcwecwe zokunyathelisa.

isakhiwo esisha

umsebenzi Ukuphayona ka Babbage sika Analytical Engine kwase kakhulu igcwaliswe ngo-1840 futhi waqala ukuthuthukisa idivayisi entsha. Esikhathini kusuka 1847 kuya 1849 wawuqeda Engine ukuthuthukiswa №2 Umehluko, yisihumusho ngcono original. Lokhu ukuguqulwa lwenzelwe ukusebenza nge izinombolo 31-bit ne-kungaholela tabular yakha imuphi umyalo polynomial 7th. Umklamo kwaba lilula kakhulu futhi zidinga kuphela yesithathu isibalo izingxenye imodeli sokuqala, ukuhlinzeka alinganayo amandla akhe wekhompyutha.

Umehluko kanti Engine Analytical kaCharles Babbage wasebenzisa esifanayo kudivayisi okukhipha design, okwenza okuprintiwe ephepheni nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ukudala ngokuzenzakalela eyeqisayo futhi intando yabo format ngokuvumelana isakhiwo kusengaphambili opharetha ikhasi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukubeka ukuphakama umugqa, inani lamakholomu, ububanzi ensimini, inikeza othomathikhi imigqa ukusonga noma amakholomu kanye nokubekwa imigqa elingenalutho for readability.

ifa

Ngaphandle eziningana ingxenye adalwe mechanical inhlangano test amamodeli we izigaba ezincane ukusebenza, azikho izakhiwo akukakasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ukuphila Babbage. The main bahlangana 1832 imodeli wawuyingxenye 1/7 №1 Umehluko Engine, eyayihlanganisa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezimbili. Pieces. Isebenza lemukelekako kube yilolu suku nakwa iyona yimpumelelo othomathikhi Computing idivayisi yokuqala nokobana a izibalo e mshini. Babbage bafa lapho uya ingxenye encane yokulinga Analytical Engine. imininingwane Abaningi isakhiwo kuyagcinwa, kanye archive ephelele imidwebo kanye namanothi.

Projects omkhulu amakhompyutha mechanical Babbage kubhekwe omunye amazing impumelelo bokusungula kwekhulu XIX. Kuphela kula mashumi eminyaka amuva umsebenzi wakhe ibilokhu wafunda ngokuningiliziwe, futhi degree of ukubaluleka lokho akwenzile, kuba sobala ngokwengeziwe.