Amaphephandaba American. iphephandaba American "Izikhathi". amaphephandaba American nomagazini

I-American isizwe - i ngokulinganiswa ayemncane. Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili, futhi indima enkulu kule nqubo kukhala press. Intengo Inqubomgomo amaphephabhuku understated ngamabomu, okuholela amaphephandaba American abangu kuwufanele wonke penny noma ezimbili. Ngakho, cindezela isidlulile ukuba impahla abavelele emphakathini emphakathini, bese wenze yomphakathi. Okwengeziwe esetshenziswa ngobuciko. Abenzi kuphela zinokwaziswa entsha, kodwa futhi ukudala umbono othile, eqinisweni, balawula ukwazi komphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, i-United States, i-press isibe wokuqala emhlabeni kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amandla lesine".

indaba

Ezinye amaphephandaba American mhlawumbe wesikhulu esiphakeme US wekuba sive. Ngokwesibonelo, "New Hampshire iGazethi" yasungulwa ngo 1756, "Hartford Courant" - e 1764, futhi "Augusta Chronicle" - e 1785. I asebemnkantsh 'ubomvu kukhona phakathi izincwadi ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, "New York Post" - omunye amaphephandaba enkulu, ogama kwegazi kuyinto amakhophi ayisithupha namashumi amabili nanhlanu kube ngokomuzi, yasungulwa ngo 1801. Abaningi ezaba nomthelela popularization of nakomagazini kuleli zwe zamanani okunekhono. Ngo-1850, ukuzungeza ingqikithi zonke dailies wawungamakhulu amabili kanye amakhophi eziyisigidi nesigamu, futhi weeklies - kane -. Ten kwezigidi ezingu Yiqiniso, kuyilapho ikhono journalism athuthukile ngokuyinhloko e-New York, ngenkathi ezinye amaphephandaba yayiba ukuphrintwa izihloko elula, kulekelelwa izindaba zendawo. Ezilo ka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kuyafaneleka ekhethekile kukhulunywa "Herald": iphephandaba 1860, kuhle khulu ngaphambi ngokuya nokusakazwa abadumile London "Times"! Futhi lokho States laba nelungelo yokuzalwa izinhlobo ezifana "cindezela ophuzi" futhi uphenyo lesibonwa.

Ukuguqulwa emandleni wesine

Ngenxa banyathelise ku yabezindaba, ethandwa iphephandaba American New York kwadingeka abafundi abaningi bangaphambili kunalobo ekujikelezeni kwazo. Ukwandiswa futhi endaweni ukusatshalaliswa izinto zabo ezinyathelisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, inguqulo "New York Tribune" bathi ukufunda abantu ayisigidi, nakuba ebaleka ukuphrinta kwaba amakhophi kancane kuka enamandla eyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu. On kwalezi ziqinisekiso ka "Herald", Kwamanye amaphephandaba ephethwe imali enkulu kunesabelomali isimo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi abahleli yabo ayengatholakali zokukhwabanisa zezombangazwe. Bona ezibathintayo. Ukushicilelwa kungaholela ukunqoba ukhetho iqembu ethile noma ujike iyiphi isibalo somphakathi e isidumbu zezombusazwe. "Herald" okuthiwa abezindaba inqubo yezinguquko kwelinye amagatsha kwamandla kuleli zwe (owesine, ngemva zomthetho, mphathi zokwahlulela) intuthuko bokusungula.

journalism okusha: nabezindaba ophuzi

Lokhu uhlobo eyayingaphakama kuphela e-United States futhi kwenye indawo. "I-American Dream", owawuthi wezicathulo elula yini ube isicebi, kuye kwashukumisela isithakazelo phakathi mass enkulu zabantu bakuleli zwe zibhekane singakunaki ukuphila komuntu into yomntakabani. Izihloko musa nje zinokwaziswa, ngisho noma i-ukusebenza, base okuhloswe ngaso ovukayo imizwelo enamandla (noma empeleni, isizathu akukhona kunomvuzo). Ekuqaleni, lolu hlobo wayebizwa ngokuthi «womuntu-isithakazelo izindaba» (ie, izindaba ukuthi atshele ngabantu nobuthakathaka babo). Isihloko ihlanganisa ubugebengu izindaba, Amahlazo umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ngihlanganyele ubulili. Amaphayona lokhu uhlobo baba George. Pulitzer, ephethwe ngaleso sikhathi (Eighties yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye), "I-New York WORLD," noWilliam Hurst of "New York Journal". Ipulatifomu izihloko impikiswano kukhona amaphephandaba enjalo eMelika Big Apple njengoba New York Tribune, «Herald" futhi "I-New York Sun" (ngeSonto ibhekwa kuya "Times").

journalism okuphenya

Tinongo nehlazo, oluthukuswe ngokucophelela kusukela ukutholakala esesidlangalaleni izintatheli ngokuthi "muckrakers". Izintatheli ezifeza kumele kube nophenyo oluzimele, kwadingeka, efana paparazzi ngokuba tabloids, ukuhlaba zingene ngemuva kocingo of Villas yangasese bese uxhuma imisebenzi yabo le imishini hlola. Kodwa into eyingozi angizisoli: iholo zomphakathi imiphumela yophenyo evutha isithakazelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imali. Nokho, lesi izintatheli bakubonga futhi izazi-mlando. Njengengxenye ye-journalism okuphenya "zikhuphuka out" Watergate nomakhwapheni. Lokhu kwaletha elingukungaboli azithele ngabandayo intatheli Carl Benstaynu. Esikhathini sethu, wathatha izintambo baton ka Maykl Mur, owayengifundela uphenyo sakhe futhi ikhishwe kinoreportazh "Fahrenheit 9/11." Futhi kule uhlobo journalism esisha kwaba Bob Vudvort futhi Tomas Vulf. amaphephandaba American, okhiphe imiphumela uphenyo, kahle uqobo njengoba incwadi, eyenzelwe eziphambili (ngenkathi ethi "abayizicukuthwane") umfundi, "i-New Yorker", "Esquire", "Ze-Atlantic Monthly" nokunye okunjalo.

Imingcele e-United States

Yiqiniso, amahlazo zezombusazwe akudingeki amandla. Futhi e-US, njengoba kwamanye amazwe, ezinkampanini, amaqembu kanye osopolitiki ngabanye wazama ukuvimba umsebenzi izintatheli. amaphephandaba American nomagazini wathola kumangala ngamacala wokwehliswa isithunzi noma engalungile kwezombangazwe. Kodwa isitha eyinhloko press - kuyinto nePentagon. inhlangano Akwaziwa "Izintatheli without Borders" unyaka ayizinkulungwane ezimbili Umsolwa wesithathu Ministry Defense ukuthi chinilo isithiyo izintatheli likhuluma ngezenzakalo e-Iraq. Isisebenzi yangaphambili "CNN En" Christina Borzhesson wathi nePentagon uzama ukulawula yonke imininingwane ephathelene ezempi. Noma kunjalo, izinga lenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nokuvikelwa izintatheli e-United States kuba eliphakeme kakhudlwana kunalabo kwamanye amazwe, futhi ikakhulukazi e-Russia.

I-American cindezela bese sezomnotho esimanzonzo emhlabeni

Kodwa kukhona okungahambi kahle. Iqiniso lokuthi ngangingeke ngikwazi ukwenza ukucwaninga olwenze inhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Yiqiniso, ama-ejensi eziningi waqala ukuveza izindaba ngefomethi virtual, kodwa nokho isimo umkhakha gqwa okwamanje ukuma kakhulu. Ekuqaleni 2008, kwase kunamaphephandaba ahlukahlukene anyatheliswa mayelana neshumi nanhlanu nsuku zonke futhi ezingaphezu kuka-nesithupha namakhulu masonto onke. Kuyinto kuphela phezu ezayo izinyanga eziyishumi nambili ziye usedilize ayizinkulungwane 16 izintatheli, ivaliwe omagazini 388 namaphephandaba 120. Rocky Mountain Izindaba, esanyatheliswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka eyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, uye abasekho. ucabanga wamemezela bephephandaba Times abezindaba inkampani Tribune Inkampani. A ezikhethekile iphephandaba American ngesiNgisi «The Christian Science Gada» wayeka kokushicilela ephepheni ziphenduka yithuluzi online. Kusobala ukuthi ezimweni ezinjalo abamemezeli kunzima ukulondoloza ukuzimela yokuhlela.

amaphephandaba American ngesiRashiya

E-US, ekhaya ukuze emazweni ahlukahlukene, ngakho embonini iphephandaba ezweni cindezela yobuhlanga akulona zokugcina. Abasuka ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union nethuba ukufunda izindaba zakamuva ngesiRashiya. Yiqiniso, hhayi Diaries. Iningi izinhlelo isiRashiya kuphela baphume kanye ngenyanga noma ngesonto. "Russian Ngendlu" (e-Atlanta), i-New York "Izwe Elisha," «Dallas Telegraph» phakathi edume kakhulu ayehlakazekele Soviet ukuphi. Ngeshwa, amaphephandaba American ngesiRashiya akufakiwe ezincwadini eziyishumi ezidla ubhedu ethandwa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabi izintatheli professional nabahleli. Kodwa abakhuluma isiRashiya ayehlakazekele ukukhula kunikeza ithemba lokuthi izinto zizoba ngcono.

Ethandwa kakhulu US ukushicilelwa

Ukwahlulela kusukela ukuthandwa kwegazi ivolumu, kwasekuqaleni yilona-USA Today ( «I-USA Today»). Phakathi umholi ibhizinisi ukushicilelwa-Wall Street Journal (it is kangaka okuthiwa yokudumisa New York ezitaladini Walt Street, lapho ibhakuzelisa Brokerage kanye yasebhange). Okunye amaphephandaba esiphawulekayo American ngokuyinhloko esekelwe emadolobheni amakhulu, izihloko isimo. Lona "Los Angeles Times", "I-Chicago Tribune", "i-Washington Post", "Denver Thumela", "Dallas Morning News", "-Houston Chronicle," "Philadelphia Inkvayer". Ngenxa isiko inhlokodolobha uncrowned embonini iphephandaba uhlala eNew York. Kube woza la "diehards" nge circulations omkhulu, njengo-New York Daily News kanye New York Post.

iphephandaba American "New York Times"

Omunye iphephandaba endala British kuyinto iThe Times ( «Isikhathi»). Lenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kusukela 1785. Ngubani salolu shicilelo kungokwalabo abezindaba Rupert Murdoch sibambe Izindaba Corporation. NgamaSonto, isicelo uya "Bheka i-Sunday Times". Ukuzakhela igama yena kwesokudla ethandwa ekuqaleni, amaphephandaba amaningi ezibolekwe leli gama sonorous. I-American iphephandaba iThe Times yasungulwa ngo-September 18, 1851. Kusukela ngosuku iphume ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. It yasungulwa njengoba udaba yesifunda, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi isihloko olusemthethweni kuzwakala-New York Times (New York Times). Esikhathini simo ukuthandwa phakathi American Cindezela iphephandaba ke ithatha indawo yesithathu (emva-USA Today futhi-Wall Street Journal). izintatheli zayo namashumi kashumi nambili ukhishwa le Pulitzer Prize, futhi iza abafundi million amathathu nyangazonke kuwebhusayithi wakhe. Njengoba sekunama-version Inthanethi isiqubulo we iphephandaba washintsha. Ngaphambili, yena linjengezwi, "Sinazo zonke izindaba kuphela ungaphrinta." Manje isiqubulo ihlukile kancane. Kuzwakala: "Sinazo zonke izindaba, okuyinto ungavele uchofoze". Kuyadingeka ukuba sicacise ukuthi ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "The Times" eMelika uyaphuma umagazini wezindaba masonto onke. endlunkulu yayo nayo eNew York. It yasungulwa ngo-1923 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye yaphuma phambili simo ukuthandwa phakathi omagazini American. Ukusakazwa kwalo ngo-2007 kwaba khona amakhophi ayizigidi ezingu emithathu nengxenye futhi.