Amandla - iyona fuel namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi. umkhakha

Okokhelekayo kanye Energy Complex of Russia luyinhlanganisela kwimisebenzi ehlukile, okuyinto elalihlala ezibaluleke kakhulu isisetshenziswa isizinda. Izinkampani uzihlanganisa emsebenzini kule ndawo, futhi enze yabo ukucutshungulwa, izinguquko, futhi ukulethwa kubathengi.

Inani

Kulo mkhakha womsebenzi ukhonza njengelungu sizindza lesicinile ukusebenza ngokuphelele yonke imikhakha emnothweni kazwelonke. Ukushesha lapho kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kukaphethiloli namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi, sinomthelela ukusebenza kwezomnotho kanye esikalini zokukhiqiza nomphakathi. Lokhu kuphakamisa yokuthi Kulomkhakha ngaso sonke isikhathi kunqunywa degree of intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.

Izimpawu fuel namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi

Le ndawo yomsebenzi uvezwa uhlobo kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kuhlanganisa uwoyela, uwoyela oluthambile, amalahle, igesi, zenuzi, Peat umkhakha, ugesi. Ngo oyiyo kukhona ingqalasizinda ezinamandla zezimboni ngesimo isiqu imigqa, amapayipi kawoyela, bakha kunethiwekhi eyodwa. Okokhelekayo kanye Energy Complex of Russia ingenye izindawo elikhulu ukuphathwa. It seyihlanganisa 1/3 ye-inani kwezimali ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi yemboni umsebenzi kanye capital ukutshalwa kwezimali embonini. Amandla ukusebenzisa kufika ku 2/3 of the amapayipi, omningi imikhiqizo zobunjiniyela.

ibhalansi

It esitholakala ibhizinisi Energy. Lesi isilinganiso imithombo isizinda kanye ukukhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo. izinqolobane ekhona ezweni kulinganiswa amayunithi. Ngalokhu inkomba ke kuyothathwa kuqondwe iyunithi amalahle (IDonetsk) okuyinto uphehla ukushisa 7000 kcal. I okunomsoco kakhulu isisetshenziswa uwoyela kubhekwa. It sizokwabela ayizinkulungwane 10. Cal. Ukulandela uwoyela yigesi ezivuthayo nge inkomba 8 th. Kcal. Calorie Peat - kilojoule ayizinkulungwane 3 ..

Imininingwane zomlando

Kufika ku-90-yalolucwaningo. Tek leminyaka elidlule yakhula ngesivinini. Kusukela ngo-1941 kuya 1989, izikhathi 11 aye athuthukiswa isisetshenziswa isizinda. Kulokhu, ukukhiqizwa energy liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi 34. Ngo-1989, umthamo production kwaba 2.3 bhiliyoni amathani imethrikhi izidubedube. Lokhu kulinganisela zazilingana 20% wezindleko emhlabeni. Futhi ngo-1989, amandla wakhiqizwa 1,722 isigidintathu kW / h. Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni 90 amagatsha kukaphethiloli namandla umkhakha waqala ukuhlushwa crisis. Njengoba esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko ukwehla isinyathelo Ukuwohloka nokuthuthukiswa imali enkulu, ukuncishiswa imiqulu amalahle nowoyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eside ukubaluleka kwadingeka kanye nezibhelu ezilandela lokhu ngqo wezwe umnotho.

kabusha

Amandla - kuyinto uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lapho ubhekene nenhlekelele akulula ngakho ukubuyisela izinto esilinganisweni. Ukubuyela odlule level ethuthukisiwe afaneleko ukwenza kwagezi inqubomgomo, ukuqaliswa izinguquko balance sheet. Njengoba iziqondiso ebaluleke kakhulu ukulungiswa lwamaphethini ukusetshenziswa kuyindlela eyinhloko esikhundleni kwezinsiza ezimbiwa phansi ngamanye zenethiwekhi. Lezi zihlanganisa enuzi kanye Hydro, okuqinile futhi zokubasa ketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezinwetshiwe imithombo emisha.

umkhakha Okokhelekayo

It uvezwa njengoMahluleli iqoqo imigqa ukukhiqizwa zonke izinhlobo izinsiza kabusha. CIS by volume reserves kubhekwa kuphela inhlangano zithi amazwe amakhulu ezimbonini emhlabeni ukuthi ngokugcwele unikezwe zonke izinsiza amandla futhi uyazifeza ukuthekelisa enkulu. Iqhaza okuholela kule inikezwe eRussia. Inani kwezinsiza yezwe - 6,183 isigidintathu amathani ejwayelekile amayunithi. In the state bagxila 57% zigcine ezweni amalahle, eminyakeni engu-25% we igesi yemvelo mkhulu kuka-60% Peat, mkhulu kuka-50% oluthambile, futhi 12% kwemithombo yamanzi. isikhundla evelele ihlanganisa amalahle. It seyihlanganisa 9/10 ka yonke imali.

embonini yamalahle

Kuthathwa i wemboni eziseqophelweni imboni yezamandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani imithombo kakhulu idlule zonke ezinye iziqondiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhakha ilahle isamba esikhulu zomsebenzi bagxila. Izindleko amafa ukukhiqiza futhi kakhulu kunaleyo nezinye izimboni. Ezihlanganisiwe izinqolobane Geological azisizi 6,806 isigidintathu amathani, zazo ibhalansi -. 419 bhiliyoni ezingaphezu kuka 1/10 kwamalahle kanzima misela kuleli zwe, kubalulekile ukuba coke izinhlobo. izinqolobane zabo eziyinhloko zitholakala Pechora, Yuzhno-Yakutsk, Kuzbass nezinye nezitsha. Mayelana 75% izinsiza kwenzeka Tunguska (2,299,000,000,000 t), uLena (ngaphezu kuka-1600 bhiliyoni amathani), Kan-Achinsky (ngaphezu kuka-600 billion) kanye eKemerovo amachibi (600 bhiliyoni amathani).

uwoyela isizinda

Umqulu reserves wezwe ongaba amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-150 okwamanje, abantu baseYurophu abathuthela kule West laseSiberia Basin uhlole nge 65-70%, naseMpumalanga eSiberia futhi Far Eastern -. 6-8%. Imvume yesabelo sogu ufundwa% 1 kuphela. amazinga anjalo ongaphakeme kukhona ngenxa ukufinyelela izindawo, ubunkimbinkimbi izimo zezulu. Nokho, kuyinto kuzo bagxila 46% eside futhi cishe ngo 60% reserves bakuthathe. Abanikezela ngazo namuhla Western eSiberia. Esikhathini ob Ephakathi ukhiqiza cishe 2/3 uwoyela yasekhaya. Ngakusasa endaweni enkulu kubhekwa iVolga-Ural. Amasimu Njengoba ethembisa kubhekwe Okhotsk futhi uBarents iziLwandle.

umkhakha igesi yemvelo

Umkhakha Energy uqalile sikhule in the 50s kwekhulu elidlule. Kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa yemvelo kanye gas ezihambisana, kanye ukukhiqizwa coke igesi kuhhavini izimboni. Umqulu reserves ezingaba balinganiselwa ku 80-85 isigidintathu m ^3, ehlola - 34,3 trillion. I-European okuyingxenye ebangela-12% kuphela, ngasempumalanga - 88%. Amathemba ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha igesi namuhla abahlangene ukuthuthukiswa Amasimu eNhlonhlweni Yamal.

ugesi

Amandla kagesi umelwe umkhakha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo oyiyo zikhona izindawo eziningana ezihilelekile isizukulwane nokudluliselwa kwemithombo abathengi. Kuthathwa ukhiye amafutha kanye umkhakha weze-energy. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le ndawo inikeza ukusebenza wonke umnotho kazwelonke. It inquma lizinga STP. Ugesi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uba yisici esiyinhloko yenhlangano indawo yomsebenzi wezomnotho kazwelonke. RF sesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni ugesi. I share enkulu ukuba amandla ozayo umkhakha - 60%, 9% edliwe kwezolimo, babevela ezokuthutha 9.7%. Zonke ezinye ilethwa kumakhasimende 13.5%.

NPP

izitshalo amandla Nuclear manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo okuhlosiwe ethembisayo ugesi. Okwamanje usebenza 9 ngamandla enuzi izitshalo kuleli zwe. Ngezinye iziteshi usebenzisa uphethiloli transportable. Lezi izinto bagxile abathengi etholakala ezindaweni ukulinganisela onezinkinga kanye elinganiselwe izidubedube. amandla Nuclear libhekisela izimboni hi-tech. NPP kubhekwa imithombo kakhulu imvelo uma nje umklamo onokwethenjelwa futhi operation efanele. Ukusebenza kwalezi zikhungo aliholeli kwavela "Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini", wenza ngenxa ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwemithombo wezinsalela zamandulo. Kodwa uma ukwephulwa okusebenza ngamandla enuzi izitshalo kakhulu eziyingozi kwemvelo imigomo. Ingxenye ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane kuyinto 12% yezwe. Inani nomthamo izitshalo ekhona - abayizigidi ezingu 20.2 kW.