Uyini Parthenon? I-Parthenon eGreece

izizumbulu zanikezelwa ukuze kwakhiwe ithempeli e-Athene. Izindleko neze yize. Parthenon futhi namanje iparele izakhiwo emhlabeni. nobukhulu baKhe uphefumulela futhi ikhanga iminyaka engaphezu 2500 iminyaka.

City-iqhawe unkulunkulukazi

Amazing Athens itholakala Greece. Wacela isiqondiso yelinyenti, ithuthukiswe ifilosofi yakha isisekelo ethiyetha. Enye inzuzo lakhe - Parthenon lasendulo: lesikhumbuzo oluvelele bokwakha lasendulo liyalondolozwa ukuze izinsuku zethu.

Leli dolobhana laqanjwa ngokuthi behlonipha unkulunkulukazi impi nokuhlakanipha - Athens.

Ngokusho yetinsita wayewukuphela umbusi wezilwandle Poseidon futhi waqala impikiswano ngokuthi ubani kubo bayokhulekela izakhamizi. Unkulunkulu izilwandle ukuze abonise amandla akhe, wamshaya Trident yakhe phezu kwedwala. Kube kudlalwa impophoma. Ngakho wayefuna ukuqeda izakhamuzi kusukela nesomiso. Kodwa amanzi anosawoti zibe nobuthi ukuze izitshalo. Athena selikhule womuthi womnqumo, okwakunginika uwoyela, izithelo kanye nezinkuni. Owinile wakhetha unkulunkulukazi. It is owaqanjwa ngomuzi.

Ngemva kwalokho, yokudumisa nomvikeli emzini lakhiwa Parthenon. Ithempeli Athena esisogwini Acropolis, okungukuthi edolobheni engenhla.

unkulunkulukazi endlini kwekhasimende

Ancient Athens - ingenye yamadolobha nambili esizimele Attica (ingxenye maphakathi Greece). yobudala yayo yegolide weza BC V leminyaka. e. Ngenza idigri ye-lot lenqubomgomo bombusi wawo ozimisele ukwenza Pericles. Umuntu ozalwa emndenini izicukuthwane zase-Athene, nakuba kamuva ngesankahlu asekelwe intando yeningi. Nabantu waxosha umqondisi idolobha leso sinyathelo futhi wathatha isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi. Inqubomgomo entsha kanye nenqwaba yezinguquko ukuthi yethulwe Pericles wenza Athens isikhungo kwamasiko. Kwaba ngokusuka kwakhe ethempelini Parthenon sase sibekiwe.

Omunye emasikweni amaGreki kwaba ukuthi amathempelana yayiba ezindaweni ezenzelwe futhi abe negama ezivamile ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Kwakuwusuku engxenyeni engenhla edolobheni. Kwakuthinta kwagcizelela uma kwenzeka kuba khona okuhlaselayo zezitha.

Eyandulela we Parthenon

Athens Ithempeli lokuqala lakhiwa kudala njengoba phakathi BC VI leminyaka. e. futhi ngokuthi Gekatompedon. Yena egqilazwe namaPheresiya ngo-480 BC. e. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye imitamo lembalwa ukwakha shrine kodwa impi njalo ezazihlupha isabelomali.

Ngakusasa, ngubani ephethwe ukubonga unkulunkulukazi, kwaba Pericles. Ngo 447 BC. e. ukwakhiwa kwethempeli Parthenon waqala. EGrisi, ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa ethule, babelingana namaPheresiya ekugcineni wasuka isikhumbuzo ku-Acropolis engasenyakatho sekuwuphawu okuphumelela futhi ukuthula. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda ingxenye izinhlelo umbusi ukubuyisela Athens. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izimali eziye esichithwa ukwakhiwa, inkosi Ngaboleka imali ukuthi sebuqoqiwe umbimbi ekulweni namaPheresiya.

kuqale ukwakhiwa

Ngenkathi Acropolis empeleni yokulahla asele kwezindonga emathempelini odlule. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingekile ukuba uqale ukuhlanza indawo yegquma. Kwakhiwa indlu enkulu yesonto main kwaba ukwazisa ku-Athena usizo yakhe ekunqobeni izitha at Battle of Marathon. Ngokuvamile, unkulunkulukazi impi ngokuthi Athena Virgo. Lena enye impendulo yombuzo lokho Parthenon. Phela, kusukela lesiGreki "parthenos" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "intombi nto" noma "intombi nto."

Steel uhlala isisekelo sesakhiwo, konke wawa. Ukuze umsebenzi bamenywa okungcono abaculi, onjiniyela kanye Okugweda yesikhathi. Ukuze umklamo nabizelwa geniuses izakhiwo kanye Iktinos Callicrates. Ngokusho imibhalo, okuyinto kwakwaziwa ukuthi awayikhokhi lokuqala bahlakulele uhlelo, kanti eyesibili balandela umsebenzi umakhi. ithimba labo abasebenze ethempelini iminyaka elishumi elinamithandathu. Ngonyaka 438 BC. e. Anikeza phezu umsebenzi. Ngawo lowo nyaka lesi sakhiwo busisa. Eqinisweni, Okugweda wasebenza kuze 432 BC. e. Inqubekela sekugcineni kwaholela umngane Pericles futhi wayeyisazi bokubeka Phidias.

Lo mkhuba ethempelini

Pericles lwaluvame usolwa ngokunukubeza kokusaphaza. izindleko Huge edingekayo Parthenon. Ithempeli Athena angizisoli 450 esiliva. Ukuze uqhathanise - kwelinye uhlamvu enjalo engenza wempi.

Lapho abantu abangajabule rose, umbusi bekhohliswa. Wathi izindleko ukubuya, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kuyoba yomnikeli yedwa esontweni, futhi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka uzalo ngeke ngiyabonga wedwa yakhe. Abantu abavamile futhi wafisa inkazimulo, uvumile ukuthi izindleko aye alotshwa phezu izakhamuzi, futhi ayisekho wakhuluma ngenkathi kuqhubeka imibhikisho. By the way, amasheke zezimali (ngesikhathi kwaba zingcwecwe zemabula) abacwaningi sinqume zonke izinsuku.

Kwadingeka uvakashele Parthenon kanye shrine yobuKristu. Phakathi WaseByzantium (V c) indawo yokukhulekela Athena siguqulelwa ethempelini St Mary.

Iyini I-Parthenon, futhi iyini injongo yaso eyinhloko akwaziwa nabaseTurkey. Ngo 1460 sika-Athens sekudlule ezandleni zabo, futhi iSonto Our Lady (t. E. amaqhawe nethempeli lonkulunkulukazi) iguqulwe ibe mosque.

1687 kwafakazela inhlekelele Athens-Virgin. umkhumbi Venetian kwaba umnyombo isakhiwo futhi waphula cishe ngokuphelele ingxenye APC. Ukuklanywa Kwazo Nokutholakala wahlushwa izandla ezingasebenzi onogada art. Ngokwesibonelo, waphuka eziningi eziqoshiwe lapho bezama ukususa kusukela ezindongeni izigangi namasiko abameli.

Izici, ezikhangayo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX ngeNkosi Elgin wathatha imvume evela sultan WaseTurkey ukuthutha emifanekisweni eNgilandi izindonga eqoshiwe, okuyinto eziye zalondolozwa. Ngakho, ke ophulwa amashumi kwamamitha imidwebo itshe ezibalulekile. Architectural ukwakha Parthenon, noma kunalokho ingxenye yayo, namanje ezigcinwe eBritish Museum eLondon. Njengoba ziphephile ezifana inama Louvre Museum kanye nayo Acropolis.

sokubuyiselwa kwengxenye waqala ngemva kokubuyiselwa ukuzimela. Wawunodonga ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX. Khona-ke okokuqala sazama ukubuyisela ubuso yokuqala ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho.

Namuhla, iyindawo esiyingqayizivele abuyiselwe.

Upper Idolobha Ensemble

Ithempeli waba umqhele badumisa Acropolis. Parthenon - zabuna yaseGrisi yasendulo. Ikamelo is banzi nge zonke izinhlangothi sizungezwe amakholomu. Ukuze ukwakhiwa akawasebenzisanga usimende, amatshe wawusomile. iyunithi ngalinye - isikwele esiphelele. Thina unamathisele amandla ezihambisana ngokucacile komunye nomunye, ku izinduku zensimbi. Zonke namatshe amhlophe abangu iphucuziwe kahle.

Insimu lahlukaniswa. Yanikwa indawo ukugcina yengcebo. A ekamelweni elihlukile owawuqondene esibaziwe sika-Athena.

Basic impahla - zemabula. It has izakhiwo igolide ngaphansi ukukhanya, ngakho-ke libalele ophuzi, kanti enye ingxenye yaba has a luhlaza lemicu empunga elinamathela othini.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla yethempeli senzeka sokuthuthwa kwempahla Greece. Ngemuva kokuwa Athens ekhaya izwe futhi wawa.

Isivakashi eyinhloko ethempelini

Wonke lo msebenzi sculptural kwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa umqophi ngesiGreki Phidias and umklami. Kodwa ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu esontweni lapho ehlotshisiwe yena. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo shrine futhi umqhele incwadi yakhe yabangela inguquko esifanekisweni lonkulunkulukazi. I-Parthenon eGreece yayaziwa ngezazi-ke. Lokuphakama kwakuzingalo 11 amamitha.

Sithathe njengesisekelo kwesihlahla, kodwa lesi sibalo ukuthi wayakha e ngegolide nezinyo lendlovu. metal Precious isetjentiswe 40 Talent (lokhu isisindo zazilingana mayelana ithani elilodwa igolide). Miracle ukuthi Phidias wadala, ayizange esiphila kuze kube namuhla, kepha ukusungulwa ngokuningiliziwe. Umfanekiso ebaziwe ukuthi uqoshwe zemali, amakhulukhulu izithombe ezincane Athena (ukukopisha kusukela Parthenon) ngaphambilini emathempelini emadolobheni angomakhelwane. Konke lokhu kwaba izinto wokubuyiselwa reproduction sinembe kakhulu.

ikhanda lakhe egqoke isigqoko, okuyinto kuvale ubuhle bakhe. Ibhodi ingalo ku ngalo Amazons impi ukuboniswa. Ngokusho kwenye legend, umlobi wangqongqoza ke isithombe sakhe futhi umfanekiso ikhasimende. On entendeni yena lisiphatheleni kwesithombe unkulunkulukazi ukunqoba in Ancient Greece - Nicky. Ngokumelene Athens enkulu ibonakala amancane, kodwa eqinisweni, ukuphakama kwawo - ezingaphezu kuka ngamamitha amabili.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono lokho Parthenon nokuthi sifana ke ukumelwa engokoqobo, ungakwazi ukufunda izinganekwane ngesiGreki. Athena kwakuyiParthenon uNkulunkulu kuphela ukuthi wema zempi. Kuvame emelelwa nge umkhonto esandleni sakhe.

Eminyakeni 438-437 BC. e. Phidias nje nakacedza umsebenti phezu esibaziwe sika-Athena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiphelo sayo Kwakungelula. Umbhali u osolwa ngokweba igolide. Ngemva kwalokho, ingxenye ipuleti ezibizayo isuswe futhi wathathelwa indawo ngethusi. Futhi ekhulwini V, ngokusho kwabanye akhawunti, ekugcineni wafa umlilo.

Ukuzalwa unkulunkulukazi

Iyini I-Parthenon, futhi ngemva bani lakhiwa-ke, is zonke ngesiGreki ezaziwayo. Ithempeli eliyinhloko omuzi wasendulo Yakhiwa ukukhazimulisa ukuhlakanipha nobulungisa abavikela yayo saint - a Athens okukhulu.

Ukubukeka unkulunkulukazi ku Olympus engavamile. Wayengafani azalelwa kuyo, nakwamanye aphuma ekhanda kayise uZeyusi. Le ndaba emfushane uvezwa iphiko mpumalanga yethempeli.

UZeyusi, unkulunkulu oyinhloko, u kafushane ngishade umbusi olwandle, nowesifazane ogama lakhe Metis. Lapho umkami ukhulelwe, uNkulunkulu wabikezela ukuthi wayezozalwa izingane ezimbili. Indodakazi ongeke bavume ukuba isibindi namandla akhe, futhi indodana, ngubani oyoba amandla ukuba balahle esihlalweni sobukhosi sikayise. Onobuqili uZeyusi wenza ukwehla ozithandayo. Lapho Metis baba ezincane, umyeni wakhe ngayikholelwa. Kulesi isenzo uNkulunkulu wanquma sihlakaniphele ukudalelwa.

Parthenon lalingeke akekho uma asizalwanga Athena. Ngemva kwesikhashana, uZeyusi wagula. Ubuhlungu asekhanda lakhe sasinamandla kangangokuba wacela indodana yakhe Hephaestus ukuhlukanisa ugebhezi lwakhe. Wayeshaya isando kayise, waphuma ikhanda omdala wesifazane zakhe ezinhle zempi - Athena.

Ngemva kwalokho, waba umvikeli we amaqhawe-namaqhawe nekhaya yezandla.

Temple - liyincwadi yezinganekwane

Umcebo main insiza - yayo ukubaluleka kwamasiko ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo. Ngakho, kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye utshela indaba yayo siqu esiyingqayizivele: ukuzalwa unkulunkulukazi, uthando edolobheni nokuxhumana kwalo izinhlamvu.

Ngokungafani Ares, unkulunkulu empi, u-Athena wazama nje izimpi. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi umvikeli zamaqhawe, ngokusiza umuzi, lapho kwakukhona indawo yokukhulekela, ngokuvamile obuhambisana nokuthanda heroes ku adventure yabo. Ngakho, ngosizo Perseus wahlulwa Medusa. Jason kanye Argonauts Athena wakha umkhumbi lapho bahamba ngomkhumbi yeGolden Fleece. Futhi, ngokuvamile umlingisi itholakala emakhasini imisebenzi Hercules. Baningi unkulunkulukazi ezenziwe Odysseus wabuyela ekhaya. ozithandayo wakhe phezu iThrojani neMpi, Achilles Ngakho kwaba yesehlakalo impi kusenzo engxenyeni esentshonalanga ethempelini.

eziqoshiwe Parthenon babe izibonelo izizukulwane abaculi.