Amabhange ukuthuthukiswa International. IBRD

Regional izikhungo abolekise ukunikeza nemalimboleko futhi usizo lwezobuchwepheshe States sinombono ukuthuthukiswa yabo yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kuze kube manje, Inter-American, Afrika, amabhange Asian. Bahlanganyela imigomo kanye nemisebenzi. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe ekhona kubasekeli ukuthuthukiswa amabhange.

phetho

amabhange ukuthuthukiswa International Kwamiswa ngoba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:

1) ukwandisa indima amazwe emphakathini jikelele;

2) isidingo ukubhekana nezindaba ezingenziwanga njalo kucatshangelwe IMF;

3) Luhambo wangaphandle uxhaso imithombo ngenjongo loan;

4) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana nokuhlanganiswa komnotho lamazwe;

5) Amalungu nesithakazelo MRBR (mhlawumbe non-lesifunda) ekukhuthazeni ukuthekelisa.

Ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana

ukuthuthukiswa amabhange International abe ezingeni umahluko kwesimo setenhlalo, emasiko ekuthuthukisweni komnotho emazweni. Kodwa ukuphishekela imigomo efanayo: ukukhuthaza ukukhula izifunda kukonke. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ekulweni nobubha e-Asia nase-Afrika.

Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu amalungu credit izikhungo - amazwe asethuthukile. Bangabanikazi kakhulu yenhloko-dolobha, banezizathu nomthelela kule nhlangano. Noma yimuphi izinqumo ezithathwe amazwe ngamazwe nawesifunda emikhankasweni ukuthuthukiswa amabhange (IDB, ADB, AfDB), ingavinjwa-US, iJapan, Nigeria.

Amazwi amalungu anikezwa kuncike etshaliwe. Nakuba, ngokusho Charter, kakhulu futhi kufanele basonta amalungu yesifunda, kodwa isabelo sabo wawa namuhla ubuncane (cishe 50,02%) ngenxa likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo amazwe asethuthukile ekwakhiweni.

IDB

Inter-American Development Bank - inhlangano leyahlukahlukene esidalelwe uboleka ohlelweni Latin America ngo-1959. IBhodi e-Washington, indikimba ebusayo - uMkhandlu Ebusayo, okuyinto likhethwa iminyaka emihlanu. Njengengxenye 27 lesifunda kanye 20 bamasheya non-zesifunda yebhange. inhlokodolobha agunyaziwe - bhiliyoni 34 zamaRandi, 30% wamavoti kukhona United States. Izinsiza luphumelele kusukela international izimakethe capital. IBhange inikeza ukubolekisa emigomeni evamile ukuthengisa.

ADB

I-African Development Bank yasungulwa yi-Organisation of African Unity ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho lonke izwekazi. Equity dolobha kuyinto amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ilungu uthi babe% 7.6 kuphela kulesi samba, lonke elihlala indlela yokukhokha yibhange. Ngaphansi kwazo ADB ukukhulisa imali eyengeziwe emakethe ye naleyo ebolekisayo. Izinkinga ngezisetshenziswa inhlangano abuzange. Kodwa iningi inhlokodolobha bagxila e-Afrika.

ADB

izimali-Asian Development Bank zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukukhula ka-Asia naseMpumalanga Ekude iminotho. Ikomkhulu ePhilippines. Kusho zinikezwa kokubili umbukiso nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Isilinganiso loan lemali - 15 million dollars. Izindawo ezimqoka utshalomali - umkhakha, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, ezamandla, emkhakheni wezezimali. Izimali zinikezwa kusukela izimali. Kuvamile ukuba umboleke ngesikhathi lokuthenga ngesikweletu futhi inzalo ka-5% iminyaka 15-25. ezisetshenziswa okubalulekile ku-uwukuboleka eside (iminyaka 25-40) ngu 1-3%. Isikhathi somusa uneminyaka engu 3-5 no-10.

IBRD

International Bank for neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa yasungulwa ngo-1944, 170 aMalunga eMibuso. Ibizwa nangokuthi Okwezwe. IBRD umsebenzi - uboleka ekuthuthukiseni ohulumeni lizwe kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Umamukeli ubophekile ukuba usebenzise imali isizathu sazo ehlosiwe. International Bank for neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa uyilungiselelo credit okuyinto ekuqaleni imisebenzi lwenzelwe ukugxila ukufukulwa komnotho kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Izici obolekisayo

amalungu yasebhange kungaba kuphela IMF oyilungu. izikhungo Capital zokuhlola ezasungulwa ukubhaliswa ngokuhambisana Ingxenye ibalwa sesifunda ngamunye, kuye ngokuthi ekuthuthukeni kwayo kwezomnotho. I-quota eliphakeme (17.5%) kanye nenani lamavoti (17%) basonta e-United States. IBhange inikeza loans kuphela kuphela ababoleka musa postpones izinkokhelo on loans, ngakho never uthola umonakalo. Yezefundo uye zanqwabelana olutheni ezezimali phrojekthi. ukusebenza kwalo njalo isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu inani yaminyaka yonke imali eyabelwa ngu abahlanganyeli.

Izinsiza zihlanganisa yasebhange nokulingana nokungenisa imali medium futhi eside sokubolekwayo. ilungu iminikelo amelela ngaphansi kwama-5% isabelomali i-World Bank sika. Uhulumeni uthenga amasheya inani pre-bavumelana, okuyinto kunqunywa ezingeni ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho isimo, kodwa akhokhe yingxenye encane kuphela izindleko zabo. Balance - "imali ukufuna", uma kwenzeka nje, uma ibhange kuzodlondlobalisa ukulahlekelwa omkhulu. Lokhu dolobha kungenziwa iqondiswe kuphela ukukhokhelwa izibopho.

ubuholi

Isigungu se isikhungo Directorate. It yencike 5 amakomiti: audit, zokuphatha, izisebenzi, imithetho ukukhiqizwa, izindleko ukusebenza. Lubhekele neBhange Lomhlaba kanye IMF Amabhodi of Governors umshado. Uhlola imibuzo enjengokuthi: inqubomgomo nokubambisana Emazweni asethuthukile kwezezimboni, izikweletu nokwehlisa izifunda zezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa ezizimele, kanye ukulungiselela imibiko ekuphathweni.

CB "International Bank of Development"

IDB - Metropolitan sesikweletu, lapho umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko - imisebenzi nezikweletu izibambiso, ukubolekisa kanye RKO. It yasungulwa ngo-1994. Abanikazi isakhiwo amabhizinisi amancane babebhekwa eMoscow: "umqondo Alexis", "FC Garant", "Galeon-TM." Kuze kube manje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano imibiko yasebhange LLC "Intergazneft" futhi JSC "Urengoymontazhpromstroy".

Ukusungulwa kufaka ikhanda kanye namahhovisi ezimbili ezengeziwe-dolobha. I-International Development Bank (eMoscow) igxile ukuthengwa nokudayiswa ukuboshwa. amaklayenti Corporate ebekelwa iqoqo zakudala amasevisi, kuhlanganise abolekise futhi imali yokukhokha. Ababoleka imali ukukhonza amabhizinisi ikakhulu kwezohwebo. amakhasimende eyimfihlo ukufinyelela wonke amasevisi, ngaphandle sokubolekwayo auto kanye mortgages. Sekukonke, isikhungo sezezimali kukhona 5000 amakhasimende.

inhlokodolobha

Isakhiwo amafa net elikhulu elalihlala izibopho issuers Russian '(45%) kanye loan iphothifoliyo (37%). Commercial Development Bank has a semali izinqolobane (48%) kanye phakathi nokusalela emuva (26%). Ekuqaleni ngesigamu sesithathu sonyaka ka 2013, isikhungo siye sakhanga mayelana ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu izikweletu kusuka emakethe interbank obolekisayo. Ikota ubambe esele idiphozithi yanoma kumakhasimende ezinkampani, 4% zaba ngu izimali abantu. Naphezu negalelo elikhulu e simo kwamabhange Russia CB "IDB" oluthatha indawo 373rd.

isiphetho

ukuthuthukiswa amabhange International adalwe izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezizimele ukuze ukukhuthaza intuthuko yezomnotho kanye neyenhlalo yomphakathi wezizwe. Futhi sihlanganise imisebenzi efanayo. Kodwa yisiphi isinqumo inhlangano enjalo ezingelapheka emazweni iqhaza ne isibalo esiphezulu samavoti.