Alexander uSolzhenitsyn, Umklomelo kaNobel: umkhiqizo futhi uma waklonyeliswa?

Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn - lo owathola uMklomelo KaNobel, umbhali omkhulu Russian futhi isibalo somphakathi. Igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa Sabefundisi izincwadi emhlabeni classical, kukhona i unya esingokwemvelo nezahlulelo categorical ngakho konke okwakuthandeka kuleli zwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. USolzhenitsyn yakwazi nokukhuluma amazwi kufinyeleleke futhi wokushisekela izwe egameni izigidi, ukukhuthaza umqondo kazwelonke, wakhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe ubulungisa nobuhle.

USolzhenitsyn: Provenance

"Yini ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu kuyisinengiso kuNkulunkulu!" - phikisana izincwadi umdala Russian kungenzeki ezinsukwini zethu. umsebenzi Hard-iwine Aleksandra Isaevicha isebenza njengesiqinisekiso oqondile yokuqwashisa bakhe amaqiniso alula yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani. Wazalelwa umbhali ngo-1918 e-North eCaucasus, indodana kwabokufika kusukela Kuban abalimi. abazali uSolzhenitsyn BakaJehova ababenomusa ngayo abantu abahlakaniphile, ukufunda nokubhala kanye nesayensi eziyisisekelo. Aleksandra Isaevicha beshona phambili ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, akazange ukubona ingane yakhe. Umama womlobi, Taisia Zakharovna, ngathola umsebenzi njengoba oloba ngemva kokufa komyeni wakhe, kwadingeka sithuthe nge Sasha kancane ku Rostov-on-Don. Lapha futhi ebuntwaneni ikhaya yomlobi okukhulu.

Uthando kwezincwadi kusuka ebuntwaneni

Kunengqondo, Ngokuzayo Aleksandra Isaevicha kwaba kuzenzakalele esikoleni. Yiqiniso, othisha zibabaza amakhono Amazing umntwana, Wayengacabangi ukuthi uSolzhenitsyn iwine uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa "amandla nezimiso zokuziphatha ngawo walandela amasiko esisemqoka kwezincwadi Russian" - ukuthi umsindo igama elisemthethweni ngakho esigabeni. Noma kunjalo, umkhuba wokuhlehlisa izinto ukuqamba okungafani umfana iyahlule nabafundi abaningana ezinsukwini esikoleni.

Ngempumelelo kokuba wafunda Rostov University physics kanye mathematics, umbhali omkhulu esizayo kwakuqashwa uthisha esikoleni. Life agelezé wemidlalo e umugqa elinganisiwe: ngokuhlanganisa emsebenzini nokuqhubeka nifunde ifomu ukuxhumana (Faculty of Philosophy in Moscow), wayehumusha ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula ukudala tetindzaba, tindzaba netinkondlo. Izinguquko eziye zaba khona ekuphileni kwakhe siqu: Aleksandr Isaevich washada umfundi Natalia Reshetovskaya, nesithakazelo ezincwadini nomculo. In autumn 1941 umbhali esebizwa ukuba azokhonza. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo esikoleni lempi, uSolzhenitsyn wafika phambi, lapho namanje ephethwe ukuqoba isikhathi mahhala umsebenzi wokubhala.

Ukuqala ekulweni wezombusazwe

Ukuthola uSolzhenitsyn uMklomelo KaNobel - okungaka phetho ithalente wemidlalo noma ikhono lakhe phinda imigqa ngokukhalipha, njengoba womzabalazo esiqhubekayo kanzima bagqugquzela ukuba kuvukelwe amaSoviet. Shicilela opus kuqala sempi Aleksandru Isaevichu ayiphumelelanga: ngo-1945, uSolzhenitsyn, ekubeni ukaputeni, waboshelwa ingxoxo nomngane, equkethe ukugxekwa Iqabane uStalin.
Umzamo komlobi ukudelela igunya a wobushiqela kwamlahlekisela iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili emakamu. Amazing intando kanye nezifiso indoda: kokuboshwa, akazange ashiye umbono ukutshela umhlaba mayelana ugqozi umbuso uStalin.

Creative ngiyibona uSolzhenitsyn: inkathi kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1964

Kuphela ngo-1957, isiboshwa sezombusazwe iye avuselelwe. Mhlawumbe mayelana uMklomelo KaNobel, uSolzhenitsyn bese akazange acabange, kodwa angakhulumi lutho nokubacindezela zeminyaka ezidlule ngeke. Phakathi "Khrushchev ncibilika" waba omunye ofanele ngomsebenzi bomlobi. Ubuholi ke Soviet, hhayi kuphela akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa ukuchayeka kwenqubomgomo lobugebengu esasisandulele, kodwa futhi avunyelwe ukuba ashicilele kule noveli "One Day ku-internet Ivana Denisovicha." Umsebenzi ebhaliwe kalula kumphakathi wonkana, bukhicite ukuqhuma langempela: kwaba inkulumo mayelana usuku isiboshwa ekamu. Shicilela ndaba yaqala e-Europe, bonke a baxgeki wancoma umsebenzi eyamvumela hhayi ukuyeka bese uthumela izindaba njalo ukushicilelwa.

Ukwenqatshelwa imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn sika eU.SSR

Ushintsho kobuholi isimo elite maphakathi nawo-70s futhi kudlalwa hhayi esandleni uSolzhenitsyn. Ngaphambi umbhali uMklomelo KaNobel wazama push ukulungiswa umklomelo kazwelonke - eLenin Prize. Nokho, candidacy yakhe ngesikhathi ivoti Imfihlo ekomidini isusiwe. By endleleni, lokhu kuyinto neze zingathinta ukuthandwa umbhali: funda uSolzhenitsyn, lonke ikilasi le-nezazi Soviet. Thenga amanoveli ku esitolo sezincwadi kwakungenakwenzeka, kodwa isebenza ngokoqobo wahamba phezu kwezandla zakhe, kusale umfundi ngamunye isikhathi kwezinsuku ezintathu. Ezinye izindaba zishicilelwe ngaphandle nesembozo, njengoba incwajana - kwaba ezikahle kanye kwenza kube lula ukufihla uvinjelwe wemidlalo imidwebo uma kunesidingo.

ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political ngokumelene umbhali

Ngo-1965, uhulumeni waqala kakhulu angenele umsebenzi umbhali. Ukuphuca zemibhalo yesandla, ingobo yomlando etemibhalo lalobhalako, kuvinjelwe 'kusihlwa obonisa wemidlalo futhi kushicilelwe inoveli entsha "Umdlavuza Lesigceme", okuyinto okusolwa "uhlanekezelwe ngokoqobo" futhi yaziwa ngokuthi simelene namaSoviet, futhi ekugcineni waxoshwa kulo Writers' abafundi Union - izinyathelo ezinjalo kuvimbe umsebenzi wokubhala, kodwa behluleka ukunqanda edition kwezilwandle amanoveli. Noma yini ukuthi akuphrinthiwe ekhaya, weza kwegazi phesheya. Nokho, umlobi enganikanga uqobo kwemvume yayo isinyathelo esinjalo, beqaphela kungumsebenzi esikalini.

UMklomelo KaNobel: owawina indondo ngaphandle

Lapho Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn iwine uMklomelo KaNobel, ithelevishini zaseSoviet zazama ngibufihlele umphakathi izindaba umklomelo we "wonxiwankulu" imiklomelo zakulelo lizwe. Isibindi umbhali we imisebenzi lapho iqiniso zokuphila usephendukele ngaphesheya "okwangempela sezenhlalo", ufanelwe inhlonipho yangempela. Eqinisweni, isibindi nokuqina ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa yomphakathi - yilokhu kanye uSolzhenitsyn iwine uMklomelo KaNobel. Kodwa, esikhundleni emcimbini umklomelo e Stockholm, okuyinto Aleksandr Isaevich wamenywa, umcimbi lugujwa kwabangane esisondelene labo abaseduze naye abantu ezazilalele ukusakaza kusuka Sweden emsakazweni ku umngane zwe futhi umqambi Mstislav Rostropovich. Kuyaphawuleka Iphuzu elithakazelisayo lelo mayelana uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa yemisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn umbhali waba iqhawe ngezinhlobo zawo, njengoba kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa indaba ngowokuqala indondo wathatha iminyaka 8 kuphela ubudala - emlandweni imiklomelo esheshayo inzuzo ukuqashelwa international.

Sesaba ukuthi esimweni travel phesheya, iziphathimandla zenqaba kuye kabusha entry, uhlale ekhaya. ukulethwa eqondile uSolzhenitsyn, Umklomelo kaNobel owawuse kuphela ngo-1974, ngemva kweminyaka emine emcimbini kwethenda.

umbhali nobunzima ngemva uMklomelo KaNobel

Ngokushesha emva isimemezelo owaphuma ohlonishwa umklomelo wemidlalo Umhlaba umkhankaso ngaphambili efakwe ngokumelene naye waqala ngokushesha ukuze athole umfutho. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela ekhaya zonke izinhlelo nombhali ngokuba silishiyile izwe, kanye Paris ukushicilelwa "Archipelago Gulag" kwabathukuthelisa kwebaholi lamaKhomanisi kuphela.

Umfelokazi umbhali, Natalia, ngiqinisekile wesixhumanisi, futhi ejele isikhathi ukulondolozwa uMklomelo KaNobel uSolzhenitsyn sika Wezincwadi. Lo mklomelo aye wasigcina umbhali hhayi kuphela inkululeko futhi ukuphila, kodwa futhi kwenza kwaba lula ukwakha naphezu ukucwaninga Soviet. Lapho u-Alexander uSolzhenitsyn iwine uMklomelo KaNobel, a ababusi ongemuhle-nomqondo zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa wayengasenazo owayengalokotha angabaze ukuthi eminye yokuhlala "uvukela" futhi "Umsakazi wenkulumo-ze emelene ngempela namaSoviet imibono" kuleli zwe kuzobonisa kuphela aqinise isikhundla sakhe.

Ukuphuma esikhundleni iqiniso: iminyaka engu-16 esekudingisweni

Ngokushesha Andropov ke inhloko-KGB futhi iphrojekthi Umshushisi Jikelele Rudenko lokuxosha umbhali yezwe abakulungiselweyo. Isinqumo sokugcina iziphathimandla Akuzange kwaphela isikhathi eside ukufika: Ngo-1974, Ephakeme KaHulumeni of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "ikhomishana esihleliwe izenzo azihambelani okuqondene izakhamuzi zase-USSR futhi elimazayo-USSR", uSolzhenitsyn wakhunyulwa lobuzwe yakhe futhi wadingiselwa eJalimane.

Isinqumo kaMongameli 1990 yisakhamuzi wemidlalo nomkhaya wakhe babematasa wabuya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwindla ka ngonyaka ofanayo uMklomelo KaNobel uSolzhenitsyn waphinda ngakhumbula lonke lelo zwe. Kushicilelwe ku "I-Komsomolskaya Pravda:" lohlelo sihloko yakhe ilungiselelo zobungxiwankulu laseRussia belilokhu kahle wathola nguwonkewonke. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva uSolzhenitsyn waklonyeliswa uMklomelo State ephrintiwe eFrance ngo-1973, "The Gulag Archipelago." Ngokushesha, bonke imisebenzi eshicilelwe ngaphandle Russia yashicilelwa ezweni lakubo, kwathi phakathi nawo-90 ndawonye wabuyela ekhaya unkosikazi namadodana akhe, bese ngenkuthalo wenze imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle.

Ukubuya imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn womphakathi e-'90s

Owathola uMklomelo KaNobel Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn, Russian baba samuntu emibuthano yeningi kwamandla, umsekeli ukwakha entsha, isimo anti-wamaKhomanisi. Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi umbhali wathola ezihlukahlukene izipesheli, kuze ngibalekela iHhovisi likaMengameli.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinkulumo zeningi uSolzhenitsyn wabonisa ukungabi lusizo imibono yakhe esidlule emphakathini. Ukuba omele bukhoma ukuthi okuqinisekile, Classic izincwadi kazwelonke futhi ngo-efanayo ufakazi isikhathi ngokumelene akunabuntu umbuso uStalin Aleksandr Isaevich ukubeka phambili imibono ukuthi ezihambayo unaphakade kude ezingokoqobo samanje, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhasi eziwusizi zomlando Russian esikhathini esidlule.

Ukugxekwa imisebenzi lokugcina kaNobel

Isibonelo esimangalisayo ukuguquguquka of uSolzhenitsyn manje, ngokombiko we a baxgeki, kwaba incwadi "Iminyaka Angamakhulu Amabili Ndawonye". Lo msebenzi wakhe wanyatheliswa ngo-2001. Kodwa umphumela kweminyaka eyishumi umsebenzi onzima owenziwa umlobi nje washaqeka abameleli sphere zesayensi kanye zomlando. Ukuba ndikindiki Wazibiza ngokuthi umqondo umlobi sika - umlando abantu bamaJuda eRussia. Umkhiqizo iye yabangela ibhakuzelisa abagxeki besambathekile nentukuthelo - kungani uSolzhenitsyn ngaphinda isihloko eziyinkinga kakade of ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili?

Imibono mayelana nemisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn sika zazihlukaniswe, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ezinye kubhekwe ngobuciko umsebenzi, Manifesto of Russian umqondo kazwelonke kweqiniso, kanti abanye sibekezelele ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene yomlobi, ethi umbhali cishe ekudumiseni wamaJuda, futhi kuzofuneka ukuthi ukubhala ngendlela ehlukile ngazo obuqinile. Othile akwenza wathola umkhiqizo uchungechunge amanoveli ngokungagwegwesi anti-lwamaSemite. USolzhenitsyn yena hhayi kanye wagcizelela Ukusabalala umgomo kakhulu futhi engenzeleli nengakhethi lesihloko.

Efingqa: ukubaluleka uSolzhenitsyn izincwadi emhlabeni

Ukuze wahlulele lokusungula nombhali, funa ngezici ezinhle nezimbi sencwadi yakhe is kusasekuseni ukuqagula - ukushicilelwa alikapheli. Kodwa, kubonakala sengathi, ukuhlobana isihloko salo msebenzi kuzokwenza ezingaphezu kweyodwa wave okuxoxwa mpikiswano.

Ukuze u-Alexander uSolzhenitsyn, owazuza uMklomelo akazange afanelwe elingapheli nalapho sezikhulile. Umlobi uthethe liyindawo efanelekayo emlandweni izincwadi Russian futhi izwe, ukuthuthukisa imibono uquqaba ngesimo kweqiniso kuleli zwe, wahlanganyela journalism futhi umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle. Iningi imisebenzi umbhali ekhiqizwa kusakazwa izigidi zamakhophi kokubili eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. "I Gulag Archipelago", "OwokuQala Circle", "Umdlavuza Lesigceme" nezinye imisebenzi abaningi baye baba owumthombo emhlabeni wemidlalo, abasabelo sabo sikulokhu wawa izilingo eziningi ezinzima zokuphila.

Khumbula, ungakwazi Ungakhohlwa!

Umlobi omkhulu washona ngo-August 2008. Okwamanje imbangela yokufa of uSolzhenitsyn engu-89 ubudala baye bakhonza njengezithunywa congestive yokumelwa yinhliziyo. Ngosuku yokuvalelisa wemidlalo Dmitry Medvedev ekuyi isikhipha umyalo elihlanganisa perpetuation imemori yomlobi futhi isibalo somphakathi. Ngokuhambisana isinqumo kamongameli ukuba abafundi engcono emanyuvesi Russian Kwamiswa imifundaze uSolzhenitsyn, omunye emigwaqweni yakuleli dolobha manje futhi iqanjwe behlonipha Aleksandra Isaevicha, futhi Rostov-on-Don futhi Kislovodsk kukhona ezikhumbuzo, vula zingcwecwe.

Namuhla, abanye imisebenzi uSolzhenitsyn sika zifakwe saziso ubuncane lwemfundvo jikelele sezincwadi Russian. Abafundi funda indaba "One Day ku-internet Ivana Denisovicha," indaba "Matryona", kufakazelwa umlando wokuphila umbhali ufunde izifundo yomlando, futhi kusukela ngo-2009 uhlu imisebenzi yobuciko, Kunconywa ukufunda, kulekelelwa "The Gulag Archipelago." Nokho, abafundi ukufunda inguqulo akuphelele noveli - ukunciphisa umkhiqizo izikhathi eziningana, umfelokazi uSolzhenitsyn sika aye wasigcina isimo sawo futhi mathupha uzilungiselele zokunyathelisa.