Abahlanganyeli eMpi Yenkolo Yesine, imigomo, imiphumela

Inkathi imikhankaso Chivalry eMpumalanga Ephakathi ushiye uphawu abalulekile emlandweni waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kulesi sihloko thina izovala ingemuva, izenzakalo ezinkulu, kanye abanye abahlanganyeli eMpi Yenkolo Yesine.

Kungani lo mkhankaso wakhethwa ngoba isihloko? Impendulo ilula. Lokho kuye kwenza ukuba izinguquko ezibalulekile ibalazwe bezwe bezombangazwe futhi uqondiswe ngokuphelele inqubomgomo angaphandle Vector kwamazwe aseYurophu.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana ngalezi zenzakalo, uyofunda kulesi sihloko.

Isimo e-Europe

Ngenxa yalokho, eziMpini Zokholo yokuqala emithathu kwalinciphisa kakhulu labantu eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Abaningi walabo ababuya eMpumalanga Ephakathi ukwehlela igolide intshontshiwe ngokushesha ezitolo zokudlela. Okungukuthi, iminyaka eyikhulu, zanqwabelana inani elikhulu amasosha abampofu, elusizi futhi elambile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahemuhemu sebeqala sengathi zonke ukwehluleka kanye ukunqotshwa kwe-Crusaders ukusola baseByzantium. Bathi adlala nezimpi ezimbili, ngokusiza futhi Knights namaSulumane. Lawo mazwi ziye zaba nomthelela ekwandeni nobutha kwezakhi aphansi emphakathini.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, buthaka ukunqotshwa imikhankaso odlule, Holy See aqala ukuphelelwa kholeka among mithi European. Ngakho-ke, abahlanganyeli eMpi Yenkolo Yesine zazidingeka Innocent III eRoma ephakeme.

Ngenxa yalokho, lennye ubunikazi phezu nendawo eyayikade BoMbuso WaseByzantium waba umklomelo kuphela ethole abahlanganyeli eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Ithebula uthi inkathi frankokratia kuchazwa emlandweni izifundo. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko kuze kube sekupheleni, ungakwazi kalula ukufinyelela kuwo.

Izimbangela eMpi Yenkolo Yesine

Njengoba umlando usubonise, 4 zenkolo zishintshile isiqondiso inqubomgomo angaphandle of Western Europe. Uma ngaphambilini ngenhloso yokwenza kwaba ukuthi iwine "Lethuna Elingcwele", kodwa manje izinto ziyashintsha kakhulu.

Umgomo langempela 4 Impi asishayisani ngenguqulo olusemthethweni. Kodwa uzoba sixoxe ngalokhu kamuva. Manje ake sibheke ezinye zezizathu zalo emkhankasweni wempi.

Ngokuyinhloko eMpi Yenkolo Yesine kubonakala nezifiso amandla wokuziphilisa futhi eziphoqelelwe amasosha abavamile yokuziphindiselela. Lapho beqala ukuba uhlole izizathu kokunqotshwa imikhankaso emithathu yokuqala, ikakhulukazi umkhankaso yesibili yayiya eziphethweni isimanga. It kuvela ukuthi inkinga eyinhloko kwakungelona ukuxabana phakathi balawuli Crusaders kanye ukungabikho uhlelo olulodwa ezivamile isinyathelo, futhi nginomuzwa wokuthi kudlalwa ngami kombusi WaseByzantium.

On isizathu isiphetho esinjalo, sizoxoxa kancane okunye. Manje-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela isifiso uPapa, okuyinto bathonya inhloso esemthethweni emkhankasweni wempi.

Crusade Okwesine 1202 - 1204 iminyaka kwadingeka isikulufa the Holy See kusimo ehola eYurophu. Emva uhambo lwesibili nolwesithathu bahlulwa, igunya waseRoma wawa kakhulu. Ikhuphuke kakhulu, yena kubabusi isiJalimane, ngubani, esikhundleni enye "ukunqoba Lethuna Elingcwele," okuhleliwe umbhapathizo ngempoqo wends.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezikhulayo yokucasukela lamabutho eMpi Yenkolo abavamile. Iningi labo lalilisha Veterans noma izingane iqhaza imikhankaso lokuqala, kodwa abazitholanga isinxephezelo esanele. A Knights oda zenkolo ezivela eMpumalanga Ephakathi babe imibiko okuxekethile futhi ukuphila okwanelisayo ixazululwe amasosha khona.

Ngakho, Yenkolo Okwesine kwaba isinqumo abavumelene we baseYurophu nenkani. Nokho, izisusa ngasinye sasinothisha bebodwa. On kubo Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi.

Isikhulu futhi injongo yangempela

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umgomo 4 Impi kwahluka phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu. Ake sibone, ukuthi yini kwaba umehluko.

Pope futhi waqala ukubiza "ibutho Kristu" ukuvikela ukholo. Kodwa manje inhloso owayedunyiswa iGibithe eJerusalema. ISibonisikuqala seSakhiwo kubhekwe ukuthi uma Fatimids ukuwa, kuyoba lula ukuba anqobe Palestine.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi Innocent III wazama ukuthola amandla kakhulu abahlala kule ndawo yaseMediterranean, buthaka ababusi Arab. Kodwa-ke ukunqoba kule impi aholwa siqu uPapa kwaba ukubuyisela igunya omele Holy See BakaJehova eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Isimemo sokuqala Innocent III bazamukela Ukubala French Thibault, ongazange wathola enkulu yezimali ukwanelisa izifiso of empini eNgilandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho some akhonze yakhe. Kodwa ngokushesha uyafa, futhi esikhundleni umkhuzi abakhulu ithatha Margrave ka Montferrat, Boniface.

Wadlala indima ebalulekile kulo mkhankaso, kodwa uphawu lwakhe Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi esihlokweni. Crusade Okwesine bezwe kwaba ithuba ngcono isimo sezimali, ukuthola izwe elisha. Isimo ngobuciko zakala Venice. Empeleni, izinkulungwane zenkolo ibutho kokumpimpa yayo Doge.

Wanquma ukwandisa ithonya isimo futhi wenze umhlaba ube namandla amakhulu zasolwandle eMedithera. Lokhu kwaba nenjongo yangempela eMpi Yenkolo Yesine, kodwa sasibucayi umane emangalisa. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva esihlokweni.

Lo mkhankaso eMbusweni asekelwe amasosha abavamile ngoba umyalo odlale ku kwemizwa abantu. Abangaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka zonke Besakhuluma nobuqili kombusi WaseByzantium, futhi babemagange aphindisele umndondo we Crusaders. Manje kwakunokwenzeka.

ukuqeqeshwa

Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili kweRoma ababusi bezwe yeYurophu aseqalile uzilungiselele impi entsha. ISibonisikuqala seSakhiwo ukubutha iminikelo yamakhosi lezikhulu, ongazange afune ukuya empumalanga. Lezi izingcingo wabutha impi enkulu zabampofu. Babekholelwa ukuthi uma namanenekazi akhokhe, ngakho nethuba uthole.

Ezicukuthwaneni futhi basondela ngokwengeziwe pragmatically nempikiswano. isivumelwano esasayinwa nge Republic of Venice ngoxhaxha sokuqasha ukuthutha amasosha e-Aleksandriya. Ngakho-ke ehlelelwe ukuqala ukunqoba iGibhithe.

Doge YaseVenice bacela 85.000 esiliva amamaki. Inkathi leqoqo lemali eyanikelwa e 1202. Lapho lesi sikhathi ingxenye enkulu eziMpini Zenkolo ibutho besondela kuleli dolobha, imali ingakamiswa eziqoqiwe. Leli sosha lafika base ibekwe esiqhingini Lido, ohlangothini Venice, ukuze avimbele izifo nezinkinga zempilo. Bayinikeza izabelo futhi inikeza imisebenzi eyayidingeka.

Nokho, lapho Doge ngafunda ukuthi umyalo ibutho ayikwazi ukukhulisa izimali ezidingekayo, wayeka inkonzo. Abahlanganyeli Yenkolo Okwesine waqala kancane kancane washintsha. Umkhankaso ezisengozini ukuba afiphale, ngakho Bonifatsiyu Monferratskomu kwadingeka ukuxoxisana baseVenice ngempahla.

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke eMpi Yenkolo Yesine kushintsha isiqondiso sayo. EziMpini Zenkolo butho empeleni Amasosha Venice. Umsebenzi wokuqala kwaba ukuthunjwa edolobheni Croatian ka Zara. Kwaba ngaphansi kwesivikelo inqaba Christian senkosi yase Hungary, obesanda balamukele nguKristu.

Lokhu kuhlasela sasimelene zonke izisekelo zomphakathi ukuze kuvikeleke co-benkolo. Eqinisweni, ibutho eziMpini Zenkolo ubugebengu ngokumelene inkolo yobuKatolika futhi we Holy See. Kodwa amasosha wokuziphindiselela, akekho ongamisa, ikakhulukazi njengoba ilitshe elilandelayo kuhlelwe iConstantinople.

Ukuthatha Zara

Uma imigomo eMpi Yenkolo Yesine kwashintshwa, bazitholela isiqondiso kuphela wokuziphilisa. Mayelana yimuphi "ngivikele ukholo" ayikwazanga ukukhamba nokukhuluma, njengoba ngowokuqala ngiwuthathe umuzi waba Zara, uyisiphephelo Christian endaweni Croatia yesimanje.

Le nqaba ntela yayilingana nomholo kuphela imbangi YaseVenice eMedithera. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela yokuziphatha Doge izisusa zisobala.

Lapho Crusaders Command asifunda Boniface ngesimo yokukhokha engamancozuncozu ngokuba luya Alexandria, abaningi benqaba ukuba nesandla. Abanye baze bahlala ngokwehlukana wena ukuya eZweni Elingcwele, noma wabuyela ekhaya.

Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi mbibi ulahlekelwe, ngoba iningi labazalwane amasosha anezizinda abampofu. Noma yimuphi inkunzi indlela yabo kuphela ukuthola imali. Ngakho-ke, i-Crusaders ngokuvumelana ngesicelo Doge.

Ngo-November 1202 amasosha isiphambano wafika izindonga Zara. Le nqaba esiqashwe amakhanda Hungarian futhi lwaseDalmatia. Yayikwazi ukuzabalaza amasonto amabili ngokumelene bayibutho elikhulu, okuyinto kwadingeka eziningi amasosha professional kanye Veterans 'ebona wezimpi.

Lapho umuzi unqotshwa, yena yabekwa aphanga nasezinxushunxushwini. Imigwaqo abangu ngithuka izidumbu zabantu. Ngonya olunjalo, uPapa laxoshwa Bandla Crusaders. Kodwa la mazwi zaminza ukukhala zegolide intshontshiwe. The Army wajabula.

Njengoba kwavela ebusika, luya Alexandria selihlehliselwa entwasahlobo. Ngezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha, amasosha kumi Zara.

Okwesine Crusade, kafushane ukukhuluma, ibutho liqala ukuba aqalekise ama-Pope yaphenduka ehlelekile imisebenzini yezempi ezinye amaKristu.

Ukuwa BoMbuso WaseByzantium

Ngemva ukuthunjwa Zara injongo eMpi Yenkolo Yesine wathutha kusukela eningizimu kuya empumalanga. Manje, bushoshozelwa yinzondo weZempi Chaplain "amambuka WaseByzantium" babengase igcwaliseke. Ngesikhathi ukuphikelela we Venetian doge weqembu lemikhumbi awuthunyelwa Aleksandriya, wayengaselona ezithakazelisayo kuya Crusaders, futhi ngokuthi iConstantinople.

Ngokusho kwamaphepha olusemthethweni, ibutho zihambisana inhloko-dolobha eByzantium, ukusiza umbusi Alexis Angel. Uyise, u-Isaka, lanqotshwa i umgabadeli futhi begqunywa ejele e emgodini. Empeleni, lo mcimbi okwakuthandelene izithakazelo bonke ababusi abanjalo European.

4 zenkolo njalo Inhloso kwakuwukuba ukwandisa ithonya leSonto LamaKatolika empumalanga. Uma Palestine akusebenzi, ke ithuba lesibili ngoba iRoma yayingumuzi omkhulu ukubusa LamaGreki Lobu-Orthodox. Ngamazwi, bonke bephika Innocent III ukunyusele kakhulu kwemashi iConstantinople.

Izicukuthwane French nesiJalimane, kanye Republic of Venice futhi babenombono umcebo yoMbuso WaseByzantium. amasosha Ordinary, okuyinto okugqugquzelwa izingcingo sokuziphindiselela phezu amambuka, sekube yithuluzi kulabo amandla.

Ngesikhathi ibutho elinamandla besondela kuleli dolobha, kukhona emzabalazweni. Alex, lowo owayethembisile umvuzo kuya Crusaders egcotshwa, lalethukile futhi ezama ukubaleka. Esikhundleni ke abantu bayakhululwa nombusi kabusha wamemezela Isaka. Kodwa Knights engafuni ukulahlekelwa imali enikwe, wathola futhi egcotshwa U-Alexis. Ngakho eConstantinople amabili umbusi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ngenxa yesimo esinzima kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu amalevi ukuvukela waqala. Yokuvimbela Crusaders bangena emzini. Kodwa ukusebenza yokugcinwa ukuthi kunzima ukubiza. WaseConstantinople laphangwa bese ishiswa.

Imiphumela kokuwa kweConstantinople

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli 4 impi kuhlelwe futhi wahlukanisa BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngisho Zara. Eqinisweni, ucingo Alexei Angela waba godsend yokususa iso emphakathini, futhi ababusi kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuthunjwa isimo kuhlelwe ukuba ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine. Omunye wathola umbusi wamemezela kusuka phakathi kwamabutho ezimpi zokholo. Laba bobathathu asele yahlukaniswa phakathi Venice, nase-Knights French. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bahlanganyela izinhlangothi kwesigaba basayina isivumelwano esilandelayo. Ummeleli we iqembu elilodwa uthola sobukhosi koMbusi, kanye nezinye - inzalamizi we tiara. Isinqumo evimbela lokuhlushwa amandla zesikole nangokomoya ezandleni efanayo.

Venice ekwehlukanisweni kwetindzima umbuso yabonisa zobuqili wasisebenzisa kahle isikhundla engaphansi kwe-Crusaders. Kuyinto isizwe zasolwandle usevikele izifundazwe abacebe ethembisayo ugu.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthunjwa waseConstantinople by 4 impi yaphela. Imiphumela yalo mkhankaso uzobe umemezele.

Imiphumela impi

Khuluma ngemiphumela lokhu emkhankasweni wempi kufanele kuqale izinguquko eziye zenzeka kumephu zezombusazwe zalo ephakathi eYurophu. It wahlulwa futhi ababange besaba khona kwengxenye eyodwa kwemibuso esiqine lobuKristu lekhulu.

Abahlanganyeli eMpi Yenkolo Yesine eByzantium bahlukanisa izwe ku ezifundazweni eziningana.

Izenzakalo kwaphawula ukuqala okubizwa ngokuthi "inkathi frankokratia", iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo ngezansi.

Nakuba kubalulekile uqaphele esinye isici. Amagoli eziye zabhekana ushintsho olukhulu enkambweni eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Umphumela sikhombisa esibucayi ojulile European imikhankaso efanayo lempi. Manje mayelana nanoma yisiphi ngivikele ukholo, ukusiza amaKristu eMpumalanga ayikwazanga ukukhamba nokukhuluma. Kusukela Crusaders iminyaka emibili ephethwe ukubhubhisa Empire Christian.

Umphumela esemqoka yalolu emkhankasweni wempi eholwa abahwebi Venetian baba ubuKristu ahlukaniselwe eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho ezingahlangani mayelana nomunye.

Zonke izenzakalo ezalandela zekhulu nantathu kanye lweshumi nane abonisa kuphela nemizamo Holy See yokusebenzisa imikhankaso bendabuko empumalanga ukuze aqinise amandla akhe.

frankokratia

Njengoba sishilo phambilini, ibandla lase esontfweni bonke ababambe iqhaza eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Impendulo ekhishelwe ubugebengu akekho owayefuna, ngakho endaweni yoMbuso WaseByzantium akhiwa isimo kuphela wokuziphilisa.

I Holy See ukuwa wanelisekile futhi ukungakwazi yesikhashana LamaGreki Lobu-Orthodox.

Yini uthi zadalwa eByzantium?

Insimu isimo Christian wangaphambili lahlukaniswa laba Epirus Despotate futhi imibuso emithathu - Latin, saseNicene, futhi Trebizond. Lezi ezibonakalayo kwakufihlwe kakhudlwana futhi ephephile kuka isimo Crusaders eMpumalanga Ephakathi. athile Izizathu zalokhu.

Okokuqala, base ngokwendawo amancane, ngakho babekwazi sisinde kule eduze "infidels" isimo. Ubukhulu Crusaders ofanayo baseLevant babemane amandla Seljuk wave.

Imibuso ukuphathwa uhlelo yayisekelwe kumigomo principalities Western Europe. Petty izinduna emkhakheni babekwazi ukunikeza isivikelo umhlaba mkhulu kunezinhliziyo bayibutho elikhulu emi, kanye lungaphansi iConstantinople.

Asikhulume okwengeziwe uthi elalisanda kumiswa.

Empire WaseNicaea eyathatha iminyaka amahlanu anesixhenxe. ababusi baso ibhekwa ngokwabo njengenzalo ka oqondile yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Wasungula ngalesi simo Fedor Laskaris, ungumGreki abaphezulu owabaleka iConstantinople. Wakwazi yakha izwe ku emanxiweni umbuso, kanye uyivikele e umfelandawonye baseBulgaria kusukela Seljuks kanye Latins.

Trebizond Empire waba imfundo omude kunayo yonke kule ndawo. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa mayelana amabili namashumi amahlanu. imithetho emisiwe nendlela lwamakhosi wakhe Comnenus. Lolu hlobo ababusi baseByzantium owayebusa ngaphambi Angels. Kamuva, zaxoshwa, wahlala wangaphambili esifundazweni saseRoma, ePhontu. Lapha ku izihlobo imali, i-Georgian Queen uTamara, Comneni ukuthenga ubunikazi. Kamuva, i-Empire of Trebizond sidalwe endaweni.

Despotate Epirus kwaba ngumkhuba kakhulu emlandweni. It yasungulwa ngu Mihail Komnin Duka. Lokhu ngesiGreki ekuqaleni asekelwe Boniface eConstantinople. Lapho wathunyelwa sithole isizinda kuleli Epirus, lapho uba umbusi ngokuphelele futhi umemezela uqobo ngundlalifa yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu bangesikhathi sakhe ngokuthi "ngesiGreki kuNowa:" okuyinto wasindisa Orthodox ababevela Latin kukazamcolo.

I last kuhla lwethu nguMbuso Latin. NjengoFritz WaseNicaea, owathatha iminyaka engu-ngamashumi amahlanu anesixhenxe kuphela. Bobabili uthi abasekho ngemva kokubuya waseConstantinople yi baseByzantium e 1261.

Lezi imiphumela ziye zaphumela e eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi adventure lempi enjalo yaba nkulu kunawo onke amathemba, zonke esigabeni sika-Europe ku empumalanga nasentshonalanga.

Monferrato - Umholi eMpi Yenkolo Yesine

Ngaphambili, thina ohlwini abanye abahlanganyeli 4 impi. Abaningi babo wathola lennye ifa Empire Latin. Kodwa manje sizogxila umholi emkhankasweni wempi ka 1202 - 1204 iminyaka.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, aqala ukubiza uPapa bazamukela Ukubala French Thibaud. Kodwa ngokushesha uyafa, futhi amabutho empi yenkolo eliholwa Boniface, inkosana Italy.

Ngu imvelaphi, kunguye Margrave ka Montferrat. Emperors iqhaza ezimpini ngokumelene Lombard League naseSicily. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waba buthola ukuqashelwa phakathi Crusaders njengenhlangano umkhuzi abanolwazi.

Ngezinye Soissons e 1201, yena ezamenyezelwa umholi ematheni eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Phakathi nalo mkhankaso, yena imbozwe Doge of Venice, obonisa ababusi European ukuthi banesibopho zonke izenzo zonya akuzona ezimpi zokholo, futhi u-Enrico Dandolo.

Nokho, ngemva bamba omkhulu waseConstantinople, wafuna ukwenza kuye umbusi. Kodwa akazange ayisekele nendlela abahlanganyeli 4 impi. Ukusabela baseByzantium zazingakhi. Babengafuni ukuba bafake isandla ephakeme Monferrato. Ngakho-ke Boniface anikezwe ubunikazi Thessaloniki futhi isiqhingi saseKrethe.

Killed umbusi isimo Thesalonika empini yokulwa Bulgaria, eduze Rhodopes. izwe sakhe sasingakafiki babukhona iminyaka engamashumi amabili.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sizobe ukufunda izimfanelo nemiphumela yezifundo imicimbi eMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Futhi yayihlangana nabanye amalungu wawo ovelele.