Abadwebi bezithombe ezinkulu baseRussia

Kusukela ngesikhathi sokubhapathizwa kukaRus, okwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10, ubuciko bokuqala nobuyingqayizivele buvela emathunjini eSonto Lama-Orthodox, elabizwa ngokuthi i-iconography yaseRashiya. Kwakuyiminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-7 eyayihlala iyinhloko yenkambiso yaseRussia, futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPeter ngangicindezelwa yimidwebo yezwe.

Iconography ye-pre-Mongol period

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kanye no-Orthodoxy, u-Rus uboleka eByzantium kanye nempumelelo yesiko labo, okwakuthola ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ku-princess Kyiv. Uma umdwebo wethempeli lokuqala le-Desyatin elakhiwe eKiev lenziwa ngabadwebi bamazwe angaphandle abemenyiwe yiPrince Vladimir, khona-ke maduzane abadwebi bezithombe zaseRashiya babonakala ePeryaslavl, eChernigov, eSmolensk nasenhloko-dolobha ngokwayo, ebizwa ngokuthi uMama wezindawo zaseRussia. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi yabo emifanekisweni ebhalwe yiByzantine othisha, ngoba ukuqala kwesikole sikazwelonke akukaze kusungulwe ngokugcwele esikhathini sokuqala seMongolia.

Kuze kube manje, kunemisebenzi embalwa kakhulu eyenziwe, eyenziwa ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ngisho phakathi kwabo kukhona ubuciko obuqotho. Okubaluleke kakhulu kunabo bonke isithonjana se-Novgorod esinezinhlangothi zombili "Umsindisi Ongenziwanga Ngezandla", ebhalwe yinkosi engaziwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, ngemuva kwesimo esithi "Adoration of the Cross" siboniswa. Emakhulwini angaphezu kweyisishiyagalombili, kumangaza umbukeli ngokuchaneka komdwebo kanye nokuhleleka kwayo. Njengamanje, isithonjana siseqoqweni le-State Tretyakov Gallery. Isithombe salesi sithonjana sivula i-athikili.

Omunye, umsebenzi owaziwayo odumile we-pre-Mongol, ovezwe eMbusweni waseRussia waseRussia yaseSt. Petersburg - uyisithonjana se-Novgorod, esaziwa ngokuthi "Ingelosi ye-Golden Vlasas". Ubuso bengelosi, obugcwele ukuzwelana okucashile kanye nokuthandaza okujulile, kwenza umbukeli azizwe ezolile futhi ecacile. Ikhono lokudlulisa imizwa enjalo abadwebi bezithonjana zaseRashiya ngokugcwele abazuze njengefa abafundisi babo baseByzantine.

Icon yokudweba ubuciko bezikhathi zejoka laseTatar-Mongol

Ukuhlasela kweRussia kaKhan Baty, okwaphawula ukuqala kwenkambiso yeTatar-Mongol, kwashukumisa kakhulu indlela yokuphila kahulumeni. Akazange abalekele ithonya lakhe kanye nobuciko bezithombe zaseRussia. Iningi lezindawo zobuciko ezakhiwe ngaphambilini zathathwa futhi zabhujiswa yi-Horde, futhi labo abalahlekelwa yinto ejwayelekile babhekana nezikhathi ezinzima, okungeke kwenzeke kodwa kuthinte izinga lonke lobuciko lemisebenzi elalidalwe kuwo.

Noma kunjalo, ngisho nakule nkathi enzima, abadwebi bezithonjana zaseRussia bakwazi ukudala isikole sabo somdwebo, esasigcine indawo efanelekayo emlandweni wezwe lamasiko. Ukuphakama kwalo okhethekile kwakungxenye yesibili ye-XIV futhi cishe lonke lama-15 leminyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi eRussia basebenze yonke inhlobonhlobo yama-masters ahloniphekile, ummeleli odume kakhulu u-Andrei Rublev, owazalwa eMecrosoft cishe ngo-1360.

Umlobi wokungafi "UZiqu-zintathu"

Njengoba esamukele i-tonsure yama-monastic ngegama lika-Andrey (igama lakhe lezwe alingaziwa) ngo-1405, inkosi yahlanganyela emdwebeni we-Annunciation Cathedral weMoscow Kremlin, wabe eseyi-Uspensky eVladimir. Lezi zenzo ezinkulu zenziwa ngu-Andrey Rublev kanye namanye amakhosi amabili avelele - Theophanes isiGreki noDaniil Chernoy, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Ikhono lokudala libhekwa njengento eyinhloko ku-iconography yaseRussia, eyayingenakufinyelela kunoma yiliphi lamakhosi. Ukushaya nokudume kakhulu komsebenzi wakhe kungukuthi "uZiqu-zintathu" - isithonjana sikaRublev, esilondolozwe kwigalari iTurtyakov eMoscow.

Ukusebenzisa isakhiwo seTestamente Elidala esekelwe kwisiqephu esichazwe esahlukweni 18 sikaGenesise (Isihambi sika-Abraham), inkosi yadala ukwakheka, kuyo yonke inkolelo yayo, idlula zonke ezinye izifaniso. Ukulahla okungadingekile, ngokombono wakhe, imininingwane elandelanayo, wagxila ekuboniseni izibukeli ezinganeni ezintathu, ezifanekisela uNkulunkulu oZiqu-zintathu - emfanekisweni obonakalayo oyiZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele.

Isithombe esibonisa uthando lukaNkulunkulu

I-Rublev isithonjana sibonisa ngokucacile ubunye bama-hypostases amathathu aphezulu. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi isisombululo sokwahlukanisa siyisiyingi esenza izibalo zezingelosi. Ubunye obunjalo, lapho abantu bodwa bendikimba eyodwa, ukhonza njengesibonelo sothando oluphakeme uJesu Kristu alubiza. Ngakho-ke, "UZiqu-zintathu" - isithonjana sikaRublev, waba uhlobo lokubonakaliswa kwezinto ezingokomoya zobuKristu bonke.

U-Andrei Rublyov wabulawa ngo-Okthoba 17, 1428, ngemuva kokuba esehlaselwe yisimo sezulu esiqhwaqhaqha eMoscow. Wangcwatshwa endaweni yesigodi sase-Andronikov, lapho ukufa kwaphazamisa umsebenzi wakhe emdwebeni woMsindisi Cathedral. Ngo-1988, ngesinqumo soMkhandlu Wendawo WaseROC, uMonk Andrei (uRublev) wayenobuso obusweni.

Mentor of the master master

Emlandweni wezithombe zobuciko waseRussia, eduze no-Andrei Rublev, ungumuntu ophila ngesikhathi sakhe, uDaniil Chyorny. Ama-icons, noma kunalokho, ama-murals abenziwe ngawo ngesikhathi somdwebo we-Assumption Cathedral eVladimir, afana kakhulu nezici zabo zobuciko kangangokuthi ochwepheshe bavame ukuthola kunzima ukusungula ukubhala okuthile.

Abacwaningi banezizathu eziningi zokukholelwa ukuthi ukugcwalisa imiyalo ehlanganyelwe noRublev, uDaniel wenza njengenkosi ephakeme futhi enolwazi, mhlawumbe ngisho nomeluleki. Ngalesi sizathu, abagxeki bavame ukubeka kuye lokho okusebenzayo ithonya elibonakala ngokucacile lesikhathi sokuqala sokudweba isithonjana se-XIV leminyaka. Isibonelo esithinta kakhulu yi-fresco "Lono Abrahamovo", esasinda ezinsukwini zethu e-Assumption Cathedral yaseVladimir. Isithombe senye yezingcezu zomdwebo walesi sikhungo esiphezulu sandulela lesi sigaba salesi sihloko.

U-Daniil Cherniy wafa , njengo-Andrei Rublev, ngenxa ye-morass yomhlaba ka-1528, wangcwatshwa eceleni kwakhe e-Andronik Monastery. Bobabili abaculi bashiye ngemuva kwabafundi abaningi abadweba imidwebo kanye nemidwebo eyakhiwe njengamamodeli emisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo.

Umdwebo waseRussia Umthombo waseByzantine

Isibonelo esicacile kakhulu sokudweba isithonjana salesi sikhathi kungaba umsebenzi weTheophanes isiGreki. Wazalelwa ngo-1340 eByzantium (lapho igama lakhe lesidlaliso lavela khona), waqonda izimfihlo zobuciko, efundiswa namakhosi ahlonishwayo eConstantinople naseCalcedon.

Njengoba efikile eRussia njengomdwebi kakade esakhiwe, futhi ehlelwa kuNovgorod, uFoofan waqala isigaba esisha sendlela yakhe yokudala kusukela emdwebeni osinda ezikhathini zethu eSontweni Lokuguqulwa koMsindisi. AmaFresco aveza uMsindisi woMninimandla onke, okhokho, abaprofethi, kanye nezigcawu eziningi zeBhayibheli, agcinwa kuwo.

Indlela yakhe yobuciko, ebonakala ngokuvumelana okuphezulu, kanye nokuphelela kokuqamba, kwaqashelwa ngabantu abaphila ngesikhathi, futhi inkosi yayinebafundi. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile ngama-murals amasonto e-Assumption we-Virgin no-Fyodor Stratelite, eyenziwe ngabanye abaculi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa agcina izimpawu ezicacile zethonya lomdwebo weNkosi yaseByzantine.

Nokho, ngokugcwele, umsebenzi weTheophanes wesiGreki wambulwa eMoscow, lapho ahambela khona ngo-1390, ngemva kokuchitha isikhathi esithile esebenza eNizhny Novgorod. Enhloko-dolobha, inkosi yayingabandakanyekanga kuphela emidwebeni wamasonto nezindlu zezakhamuzi ezicebile, kodwa futhi nokudala izithombe namahluzo encwadi.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, amathempeli amaningana aseKremlin aqoshiwe, kufaka phakathi iSonto Lokuzalwa kukaMariya, uMikayeli uMikayeli no-Annunciation. Ukubhala kwakhe kubonakala ekudalweni kwezimpawu ezidumile - "Ukuguqulwa kweNkosi" (isithombe kulesi sigaba salesi sihloko), "I-Don Icon kaMama KaNkulunkulu", nokuthi "Ukumama kukaMama kaNkulunkulu." Inkosi ishiye ekuphileni ngo-1410.

Umamukelekeli ofanele wezinkosi zangaphambili

UDionysius, umdwebi wezithombe, owenziwe imifanekiso yesikhungo samasonto e-Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary we-Iosifo-Volokolamsky lezindwendwe, kanye namafrescoes kanye ne-iconostasis ye-Monastery yaseFerapont, baye bangena engcebweni yesiko laseRussia njengendlela yokuqhutshwa kwemikhuba yobuciko eyasungulwa ngu-Andrey Rublev nabantu ababephila nabo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uDionysius, ngokungafani nabadwebi bezithonjana zaseRussia, kwakungesilo isikhulu. Iningi lemithetho ayenzile namadodana akhe uVladimir noTheodosius. Kuze kube manje, imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu igcinwe, mhlawumbe ngumculi ngokwakhe noma nge-artel eholayo. Okudumile kunazo zonke yizithombe - "Epiphany", "I-Lady Lady Hodegetria" (isithombe esilandelayo), "Ukuhlaselwa esihogweni", kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi.

Iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe ayilungiswanga kahle, yaziwa kuphela ukuthi inkosi yazalwa cishe ngo-1444, kanti usuku lokufa lungaba ngu-1502-1508. Kodwa umnikelo wakhe awukona kuphela isiRashiya, kodwa futhi nesiko lezwe likhulu kakhulu kangangokuba isinqumo se-UNESCO, 2002 sabizwa ngokuthi unyaka kaDionysius.

Abadwebi bezithonjana zaseRashiya zekhulu le-17. Simon Ushakov

Noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhala somlando ngezikhathi zokwenyuka kwezinto zobuciko noma ukwehla kungokwemvelo kakhulu, ngoba ngisho nangesikhathi esithile esingabonakali ngokubonakala kwemisebenzi ephawulekayo, akudingeki ukuthi izinto ezidingekayo ekudalweni kwazo esikhathini esizayo.

Lokhu kungabonakala ngokucacile esibonelweni sokuthi ubuciko bokuphila kwezenhlalakahle nabomoya baseRussia ekhulwini le-16 bunikeza amandla ekushintsheni okwenzela izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko zobuciko obuhle bekhulu elizayo.

Ngokuqinisekile, ubuciko obuqhakazile nobuningi bokuqala bokudala bangekhulu le-17 kwaba umdwebi wesithonjana uSimoni Ushakov (1626 kuya ku-1686). Lapho eqala ukuqonda izimfihlo zobuchwepheshe, wayeseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili ubudala, waqashwa njengomculi weSiliva Chamber of the Armory, lapho imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa nokwenza imidwebo yokwenza izinto zesonto nezinto zokunethezeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nsizwa encane yabhala amabhantshi, yakha amakhadi, yakha imihlobiso yensimbi futhi yenza imisebenzi eminingi efana nayo. Kwadingeka futhi abhale izithombe zethempeli ezihlukahlukene nezindlu zangasese. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakuyindawo yokudala eyamletha udumo kanye nodumo.

Ngemva kokudluliselwa e-Armory Chamber (1656), uSimon Ushakov wazimisela ngokuqinile njengomculi owaziwa kakhulu wesikhathi sakhe. Akekho omunye umdwebi womfanekiso waseMoscow onenkazimulo enjalo, futhi akazange aphathwe ngomusa ngobukhosi basebukhosini. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuba aphile impilo yenhlonipho nokwaneliseka.

Naphezu kokuthi abadwebi bezithonjana zaseRussia babephoqelekile ukuba babhale imisebenzi yabo kuphela emaphethini asendulo, u-Ushakov wasebenzisa ngesibindi izingoma zomuntu ngamunye we-Painting yaseNtshonalanga, okwathi amasampuli akhe ngaleso sikhathi ayebonakala eRussia. Ukuhlala ngesisekelo semikhuba yokuqala yaseRussia-Byzantine, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvuselela ngokuphumelelayo ukuphumelela kwama-European amters, lo mdwebi wadala isitayela esisha okuthiwa uFryazh, kamuva esasungulwa emsebenzini wabalingisi bezithombe esikhathini esizayo. Lesi sihloko siyisithombe sesithonjana sakhe esidumile esithi "Isidlo Sokugcina", esibhalwe yinkosi ngo-1685 ye-Assumption Cathedral yeZiqu-zintathu uSt. Sergius Lavra.

Umdwebo ovelele we-fresco

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XVII yaphawulwa ngomsebenzi womunye umuntu ovelele - uGuria Nikitin. Wazalelwa eKostroma, cishe cishe ekuqaleni kuka-1620, wayesebenza ngemidwebo kusukela esemncane. Kodwa-ke, inkosi yokuqala yazuza okuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu eMoscow, lapho ngo-1653 kanye ne-artel yabantu bakuleli zwe wayebandakanya ukudweba amasonto amaningi.

U-Guriy Nikitin, umsebenzi wakhe unyaka ngamunye owawuphelele, waziwa ngokuyinhloko njengomdwebo wokudweba kwe-fresco. Kuze kube manje, imidwebo eminingi egcinwe ezigodini zamasonto namasonto ngamanye eMoscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl-Zalessky naseSuzdal kuye kwagcinwa.

Isici sesici sezinhlobonhlobo ezenziwa yinkosi ezifundweni zeBhayibheli ngumbala wabo wombala wokugubha kanye nokucebeka kobuphawu, okwakukhona phakathi nokuphila komdwebi ababevame ukuhlambalazwa ngenxa yokwehlukanisa ubuciko, okuwukuthi, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezinkinga zezwe elibhubhisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wosesho lwakhe lokudala kwakuyikhono ekhethekile lobuciko elavumela inkosi ukuba idale izingoma zakhe ibe nomphumela wendawo ongavamile. Emlandweni wobuciko, wangena ngaphansi kwegama elithi "ifomu likaGuria Nikitin." Umdwebi wezithonjana ovelele wafa ngo-1691.

Ukudala kuka-Theodore Zubov

Futhi ekugcineni, ukukhuluma ngesithombe semifanekiso yekhulu le-XVII, asikwazi ukwehluleka ukubalula igama lenye inkosi evelele - nguTheodor Zubov (1646-1689). Wazalelwa eSmolensk, wathuthela kuVeliky Ustyug ekuqaleni kuka-1650, lapho edweba elinye lamasonto isithonjana esithi "uMsindisi Ongenziwanga Ngezandla," ngokushesha wadala igama lakhe njengomculi ovuthiwe.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, udumo lwakhe lwasakazeka kabanzi kulo lonke elaseRussia ukuthi lo mculi wabizwa eMoscow, futhi wabhalisela abasebenzi bezithombe zabadwebi be-Armory Chamber, lapho akhonza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40. Ngemva kokushona kukaSimon Ushakov, okwathi iminyaka eminingi ehambela amakhosi ehlangene lapho, uTheodor Zubov wathatha isikhundla sakhe. Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi ye-master, isithonjana "Ministry Ministry" sasidume ngokukhethekile. Isithombe esiphetha lesi sihloko. Umnikelo owusizo ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko baseRussia wenziwa ngamadodana kaZubov - u-Ivan no-Alexei, owaba yinkathi yePetrovsky enye yezingcweti ezihamba kahle kakhulu.