Gross - kuyini? Isisindo, isilinganiso, inzuzo, ukulinganisela ifomula okwedlulele

Ukuthi okwedlulele kusho ukuthini? Kuhunyushwe kusuka Italian - ompofu, anolaka. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngayiphi injongo akusiyo ncamashi igama emnandi isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene ezimpilweni zethu? It is kabanzi accounting kanye intela, izinkampani zokuthutha nokuthunyelwa, esikweletu umshwalense, ngisho izingqondo engcono lesintu, ososayensi baye bamukela leli gama. Kanjani sihlanganise yonkhe lemikhakha ngegama elilodwa elincane akuyona translation kumnandi? Gross - kuyini?

Impela wamane, iningi ukubaluleka ukuthi sishoni igama elithi "gross", Kuthi ezahlukene - into engcolile. Okungukuthi, labo abenza uhlelo ezimali, izibalo noma imisebenzi yesayensi, ikhumbula ukusebenza, burdened nga ngalindelekile lutho okungukuthi ongcolileyo, imininingwane enganembile. Kubonakala sengathi amaNtaliyane kunenzuzo amazwi brutto, kungenzeka ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kodwa basayibambile. Kukholakala ukuthi bamyisa kanye i glossary ngamazwe abathengisi isiNtaliyane, ukwabelana isisindo izinhlobo ezimbili: futhi ngaphandle emaphaketheni (sina net). Manje insimu Italian alisetshenziswa brutto, futhi lordo.

esikoleni

Ngokokuqala ngqá sihlangana leli gama lapho. Siyatshelwa mayelana isisindo esikhulu kuyinto: yini lokhu kusho ukuthi ziyini nokuthi ukubala. Ngenxa impinda oda ngokuvamile zivela esikoleni: isisindo, noma kunalokho isisindo, zimane nje isamba isisindo izimpahla (net) kanye emaphaketheni (izitsha). Kuyinto ne ukwengeza ngalezi zinkomba ezimbili ekhiqizwa okwedlulele. Imisebenzi elula kwakufanele ukubala ngaphandle imikhiqizo emaphaketheni. Ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukubala khilogremu eziningi kanjani zikabhanana ebhokisini, uma yena ukala eyodwa kilogram, kanye isisindo ingqikithi ezine. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, siye ucelwe bangaki servings ingalungiswa kusuka 3 kg amazambane, uma ingxenye -300 g, nokuhlanza 30% isisindo esikhulu? izibalo Simple ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwethu futhi alungele ukuba imisebenzi sina futhi wemfanelo, okuyinto sizobuya, ephuma ezindongeni esikoleni kanye enyuvesi.

ukuhweba

Lena ukuphela kwendawo lapho igama elithi "isisindo esikhulu" lisetshenziswa ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Izimpahla ezifika e izitolo ukudayiswa, kulethwa emgqonyeni emaphaketheni. Lokhu kugcina isethulo, isitoreji lula. Kodwa ukuthengisa kuzoba ngaphandle Pallets futhi amabhokisi sokhuni! Yini okumelwe uyenze? Zonke elula banal. On ukufika izimpahla ibekwe ezisele isisindo esikhulu. Edayise kakhulu kuyoba net (lena incazelo obuhlukile, antipode (ie okalwe)). Net negative okwedlulele taare isisindo ngeke.

By the way, ngokuvamile kakhulu isisindo okwedlulele kubhaliswe ku ilebula umkhiqizo belingana ne okalwe. Kodwa ukuthenga endaweni inkukhu isuphamakethe ese-pan (kubhasikidi omncane plastic), siyazi ukuthi ziningi kangakanani izinto ukala inyoni encane, futhi kungakanani embhedeni wakhe. abakhiqizi abaningi ungasakwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "gross" bese ubhala eceleni isisindo izimpahla kanye taare isisindo / nokupakisha. Mhlawumbe, kulula kakhulu ngoba abathengi.

isayensi

Okulandelayo embonini lapho isetshenziswa elithi, abekho ngaphansi kuka esikoleni noma esitolo, kuba umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. ifomula Yamamolekhula, liphinde enokwehla (isipiliyoni - ngesiGreki), akuyona into kodwa kuyindlela yokubonisa ucwaningo esisebenzayo usebenzisa izimpawu emhlabeni ayibonwa. Ngakho bahlanganise ukuvulwa ososayensi zabo zokuhlola, nokuchaza ukuthi etholwe empirically.

Ukulisebenzisa ngokuqondile kanjena gama emnothweni, lapho ukubaluleka ezincwadini "ulungise" kuqiniso (enokwehla). Ngo-chemistry, ifomula okwedlulele akalutho kodwa njengendlela ukwethula ulwazi ubukhulu zishintshe, kunokuba kwesakhiwo noma icwecwe eliqophayo. I-physics le nkulumo isetshenziswa uma kuziwa isivivinyo ngenhla echazwe, kodwa hhayi kuqinisekiswa inombolo ezanele agumenti. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi enokwehla (ifomula enokwehla) 'sizuze' base ubufakazi futhi esikhundleni amafomula ngqo.

wemikhumbi

Imikhumbi kanye Shipping - siyini lesi uxhumano? Ngokusobala, uma kuziwa wezimpahla izigubhu (emaphaketheni), kanye nemikhumbi uqobo bayenze ngalo? Ngo ukusetshenziswa zasolwandle ngamazwe leli gama elisho yokubhalisa tonnage. isitsha ngeke ibalwe ku amathani yokubhalisa. Kulokhu asikhulumi mayelana isisindo / isisindo, futhi ngevolumu. Le nkomba libhekisela nakakhuluma ngetheksthi isamba isikhala wonke isitsha. Lokho kuyinto okwedlulele irejista ton ilingana 2,83 cubic metres. m (100 cu. lb).

emagcekeni ukuze iqashwe

Lena enye wemboni lapho kufanele khona, igama elithi "gross". Kulo mongo, kunjengoba kulandela: amaholo Imininingwane ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo sokuqasha kanye Umbuso indawo izinkokhelo. Yilowo mbuzo ejwayelekile ebuzwa eyisakhamuzi umninindlu (okhokhela ukukhanya / gas / amanzi?) Kwangathi uzwakale kulula (kwinkontileka iqukethe lemali gross?). Ngamafuphi futhi ngamafuphi, akunjalo?

umshwalense

Kunenye umqondo, kwakhiwa okuyinto kusukela izwi brutto. Ngokuvamile, inkulumo enjalo esetshenziswa izinkampani zomshuwalense lapho kubalwa umshuwalense. Ukhokha okwedlulele amaphrimiyamu umuntu oVikelwe ngaphansi inkontileka. Leli nani izinga okwedlulele. Yena, siqukethe net-rate nomthwalo. Izinga amafomu net isisekelo eziyisisekelo kuyiphi kwesamba umcimbi wenkokhelo zizokwenziwa. Layisha yena, siqukethe izindleko ezengeziwe, okuyinto ukuba ikhokhe inkampani yomshuwalense. ukukhuluma Cishe, le mali ngesikhathi abasebenzi, izakhiwo, imisebenzi yokulawula, kanye, yebo, inzuzo. Ngenxa summation inkampani yomshuwalense banal sinquma inani izinkokhelo ku izivumelwano zomshuwalense ngoba amakhaya kanye namabhizinisi.

Izimoto okwedlulele

Yini Kungaba, uma sikhuluma izimoto? Kuyacaca, ngokuya isisindo imoto futhi ngaphandle umthwalo, futhi uma kuyintando wakhona inani intela ezibanjwayo, ngaleso sikhathi? Iqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu injini, noma kunalokho amandla alo, kuncike intela. Ayanda score, ayanda Imali ezokuthutha. Wonke umuntu uyazi!

Kwabaningi, la mazwi ingase ibonakale imangaza, kodwa namanje kukhona icala, njengoba amagama futhi uzuze ngokwengeziwe. Nakuba uzokwenza mangisho ukuthi lawa magama cishe abaselona usizo walo ezweni lethu. Iqiniso lokuthi abanye abakhiqizi ucacise amandla injini kweSamba. Okungukuthi, ukusebenza ladliwa iyunithi isisekelo othini, hhayi abadliwa isisindo kumadivayisi angeziwe ngesimo generator noma futha kokupholisayo. Empeleni, imoto Ungahambisa usebenzisa amandla lingaphansi ngamaphesenti angu 20-30. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka wekhasi ehloniphekile, nokunye intela ezokuthutha eside. Ukuqeda lolu hlobo ukungalungi, ubuchwepheshe, lapho abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kumele kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthamo kukhonjisiwe cwe, kunokuba net, njengoba kudingwa ngumthetho.

emholweni

Amaholo kanye okwedlulele. Kuyini lokhu? Lapho Kuhlobana kanjani? Kulula kabi. Ngokuvamile, abaqashi abafisa ukuheha abasebenzi lizwakalise ngenxa zabo baziqinisela lo msebenzi ngaphandle kwenkokhelo izintela. Isisebenzi Yiqiniso, uyajabula, kodwa woza payday, lapho konke uwela indawo. "Ngakolunye uhlangothi" esikhishwe lemali incane kakhulu kunaleyo othenjisiwe. Lokho, kulesi simo, iholo ngomsebenzi - net, kanye nenani eshiwo umqashi ekuqaleni, - inkokhelo okwedlulele.

ibhalansi

By the way, inkampani, leli gama lisetshenziswa kunanini brutto ngokuvamile. Esinye sezizathu esisheshayo isicelo - wadala idokhumenti zezimali (ukulingana kwemali kanye engenayo), okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ahlanganise ulwazi olunembile, ukubona ngokugcwele wonke isithombe okwenzekayo kule nkampani, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukwanda inzuzo. ibhalansi Gross kubhekwa "ezingcolile" ngoba iqukethe izihloko kubonisa ukuthi ukuwohloka izinyembezi, ukwehla kwentengo izakhiwo kanye ezokuthutha nokunye. D. Iningi ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo ibhalansi isetshenziselwa imisebenzi yesayensi noma kwezibalo. Ngo umkhuba kwansuku zonke, kwakhiwe ibhalansi net.

Ukuze kungalungile ukusho ukuthi ibhange sika okwedlulele-balance sheet, njengoba kuqhathaniswa kokusele inhlangano ejwayelekile, wadala ngokuhlukile kancane. It has ukusebenza efanayo umbiko ezimali, kodwa isibalo okufakiwe lingaphansi (balance okubi kabi counterweight ekhiqizwa inhlangano ejwayelekile noma ibhizinisi), kodwa "isithombe" okwenzekayo kubonisa ebanzi kudala, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, Balance Sheet.

inzuzo

izimali Gross - lutho kodwa inzuzo ingqikithi ukukhiqizwa (ibhizinisi), ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, okwedlulele. Akukona acabangele izinto ezifana nentela kanye namaholo, ukwehla kanye ezokuthutha izindawo. Isamba esatholakala kulokhu kuzo zonke izigceme futhi ube semali isiyonke. I inzuzo net lenkampani kubonakala ibhalansi net, okuyinto sinquma ukuqhutshwa net kahle.

labantu

Ngokwezibalo ezimali uqhutshwa by kuhlaziywa isilinganiso okwedlulele. Alikho leli gama lisho ukuvunyelwa kungekho ngqo Izibalo, kodwa, ekhuluma cishe, yakha izinhlelo luyakhohlisa. Isilinganiso ibalwa ifomula, kodwa umphumela likwenza kucace kangakanani intombazane uzozala amantombazane (amantombazane nje, hhayi abafana), okuyinto esikhathini esizayo iyoba omama ukukhiqiza sokuzalwa kwezingane zabo. Lezi zibalo okunemibandela kakhulu, bonisa esikhundleni Isilinganiso sabantu, hhayi ikhumbula ukufa kwezingane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukubala Kwenziwa kabili: izinga okwedlulele yokuzalana kanye isilinganiso wenzalo-okwedlulele.

PS

Ngokwalokhu okungenhla kungenziwa baphetha ngokuthi elithi nje aphansi lapho uqala nje ukubona, incazelo, eqinisweni, kungenzeka lesifinyetiwe okuningi, asetshenziswa ezimali kanye intela, izinkampani zokuthutha nokuthunyelwa, esikweletu umshwalense, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kufanele .

Ake uphinde waphinda hhayi okungaka zonke ukubaluleka okwedlulele ekuchubekeni kwethemu, njengoba umkhakha futhi isiqondiso lapho leli gama lisetshenziswa ngokunganaki, futhi lokhu kwenziwa embulungeni yonke:

1. Isisindo izimpahla kule esitsheni.
2. isitsha Tonnage.
3. Gross inzuzo amabhizinisi, amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense kanye nokunye. D.
4. Ibhalansi kwenhlangano (umlando).
5. Izindleko egcwele premium.
6. Umthamo injini yemoto.
7. Ulwa.
8. idatha theory in the izimpawu emhlabeni ayibonwa.
9. Rental kwezakhiwo.
10. Izimali izinga lokuzalwa.
11. Isayensi imfundo.