Zezibalo Mikhulu abakutholile

Mathematics uvele kanyekanye ne isifiso somuntu ukuhlola izwe elibazungezile. Ekuqaleni kwakuwumuzi ingxenye nefilosofi - unina wesayensi - futhi awuzange wakhetha njengoba isiyalo ahlukene zilingana nezinhlobo astronomy efanayo, i-physics. Nokho, lesi simo ziye zashintsha njengoba isikhathi. Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi ukuthola ukuthi bangobani - zezibalo omkhulu, uhlu okuyinto basuke abangaphezu kwekhulu. Ukuhlukanisa amagama ayinhloko.

ekuqaleni

Ulwazi yandiswa abantu abaningi, ekugcineni Kwaba khona ukwahlukana of Sciences nse futhi Yemvelo. Emva "ukuzalwa" olusemthethweni ngamunye wabo wahamba indlela yakhe, ukuthuthukisa, eqinisa isisekelo theory, kusekelwa umkhuba. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi eminye yemikhuba kungenzeka izibalo, abstract iningi sciences? Le nto uyakwazi ukuchaza ngokuphelele zonke izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni futhi nangale, futhi ulwazi uhlobo lomkhuba kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho bese benza izibikezelo. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi zonke sciences zihlobene, lena ubuhlobo ezisobala kakhulu phakathi mathematics ne-physics. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi, le zezibalo omkhulu futhi izazi zesayensi akha elilodwa iqembu lososayensi. Uzenzela - Ungabonisa kanjani ukuthi ukuchaza into ingafiki ngesikhathi ukulungisiswa?

Umlando wesintu - akusiyo kuphela ukunqoba emasimini amasha futhi empini lapho amandla ukuthi tinkhomba lokumele tilandzelwe ngokuyinhloko izithakazelo zabo siqu, kodwa futhi izibalo isayensi engapheli yakhelwe ukuchaza, bonisa, ukufunda kanye ukuthola nethemba kusasa. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola labo abenze umnikelo obalulekile ukudalwa lokhu. Bangobani, le zezibalo olukhulu esikhathini esidlule, ukuthi kwavula indlela imivubukulo yanamuhla?

Pythagoras

Lapho wabhekisela zezibalo enkulu, iningi labantu khumbulani into yokuqala efika leli gama. Akekho ngokuqinisekile uyazi ukuthi amaqiniso yomlando wakhe is yaniso futhi lowo - into eqanjiwe, ngoba igama usezuze mass ezinganekwaneni. Phakathi nenkathi yalokho ukuphila ezamukelwe ngu ledethi kusuka 570 kuya 490 BC. e.

Ngeshwa, imisebenti lebhalwako ngemva kokuba osele, kodwa wasamukela leso kwaba ngesibusiso sakhe okutholakele abanengi benziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, siyasho kuphela labo impumelelo ukuthi indisputably kukhona izithelo zemisebenzi yakhe:

• Jiyomethri - theorem abadumile, othi ngendlela unxantathu wesokudla esigcawini hypotenuse lilingana isamba izigcawu the nezinye izinhlangothi ezimbili. Ungakhohlwa ithebula Pythagoras, lapho abafundi esikoleni sabaqalayo ukufunda isimiso zokuphindaphinda izinombolo zemvelo. Wayisa indlela kutsi bakwati kutakhela ezinye emapholigoni.
• Geography - sezibalo esikhulu Pythagoras lokuqala babecabanga ukuthi umhlaba nxazonke.
• Astronomy - umbono wokuba khona impucuko ezisemkhathini.

Euclid

Igama lesiGreki sezibalo isayensi yesimanje ukweleta geometry.

Euclid wazalelwa e-365 BC. e. e-Athens iminyaka 65 (kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, empeleni) zahlala e-Aleksandriya. It kungenziwa ngokuthi izinguquko phakathi izibalo zesayensi zangaleso sikhathi, + njengoba nje enza umsebenzi omkhulu ukuze sihlanganise lonke nesipiliyoni anqwabelene zeminyaka esidlule esibushelelezi, uhlelo okunengqondo ngaphandle "izimbobo" izinganekwane futhi aliziphikisi. Lokhu usosayensi omkhulu (se-physics kanye sezibalo) idale indatshana "Inception", ezazihlanganisa ngaphezu amavolumu kweshumi! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezandleni zakhe Ngenxa yokuphelelwa umsebenzi, echaza wokusakazeka ugongolo ukukhanya emgceni locondzile.

ithiyori Euclid sika muhle ukuthi Wamphonsa kusukela abstract "kungaba", omema eziningi postulates (izitatimende angadingi ubufakazi), futhi kulona usebenzisa logic ezomile zezibalo, i-geometry, wahola uhlelo ehlelekile ekhona manje.

Fransua Viet

zezibalo Omkhulu futhi ukutholakala kwawo kubuye sincike intando kunjalo. Yathandwa uMnu Wyeth (iminyaka yokuphila - 1540-1603), owayehlala eFrance futhi wakhonza emagcekeni ezigodlo, kuqala ummeli bese umeluleki nenkosi. Lapho esikhundleni uHenry III enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi, uHenry IV, François washintsha umsebenzi. Kunamaphuzu amaningana "zezibalo Emhlabeni omkhulu", uhlu engesiyo encane, wanezela igama elisha ngenxa yempi French ne-Spain. Lesi sakamuva, e izincwadi zakhe osebenza cipher eyindida kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba wokufunda. Ngakho, French umqhele izitha kungaholela ukuxhumana khulula ensimini isitha ngaphandle nokwesaba ukubanjwa.

Ukuba wazama zonke izindlela, inkosi ukuvusela Vieta. Phakathi sezibalo ucwezana wasebenza ngaphandle kokuphumula lize lifinyelele elamukelekile. Ngenxa yalesi sezibalo waba umeluleki siqu entsha, kodwa inkosi entsha. Parallel kule, Spain baqala ukuhlupheka ukunqotshwa ukunqotshwa emva, engaboni ukuthi kwakwenzekani. Ekugcineni, iqiniso Kwadlula phandle, futhi eNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngo engekho bagwetshelwa ukufa, uFrancois, kodwa akazange uyifeze.

Ngo isikhundla Advisor yakhe entsha ngaba nethuba shí izibalo, enika yena imbangela ozithandayo, njengazo zonke amadoda amakhulu kaNkulunkulu. Mayelana izibalo kanye Vieta wathi ku badideke, egcizelela yokuthi nguye ophethe ukuhlanganisa lwaya umkhuba umthetho.

Hlangana nokuzuza efakwe ohlwini Vieta:

• Incwadi emifanekisweni Aljibhra. sezibalo French indawo nemingcele futhi okuza izinhlamvu, ukunciphisa inkulumo izikhathi eziningana. Lesi isilinganiso ukwenze algebraic elula kakhulu futhi zitholakala kalula uye ekubeni nokuqonda, ngokulinganisa nale lula iziphetho olwengeziwe. Lesi senzo wamavukelambuso, ngoba lula endleleni egijima ngemuva. Ngiqinisile sezibalo esikhulu Pythagoras washiya umntanakhe wakhe ezandleni omuhle. Imibono yamaKhomanisi kusasa adluliselwe ngokuphelele.
• Isiphetho inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuxazulula zibalo kuze ngezinga wesine kukonke.
• Bheke ifomula ngegama lakhe, lapho kuze kube yilolu suku umsuka zibalo quadratic.
• Bheke kanye elungile wokuqala emlandweni wesayensi komkhiqizo elingapheli.

Leonhard Euler

Khanyisa nesayensi nge phetho emangalisayo. Wazalelwa e-Switzerland (1707), kungashiwo ngokuphepha kufakwe uhlu "zezibalo Omkhulu Russian", njengoba umsebenzi ukundlula athola isiphephelo zokugcina eRussia (1783).

Ngesikhathi nokwatholakala ahlanganiswa ezweni lethu, lapho wathuthela e 1726 ngokumenywa Academy of Sciences Petersburg. Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, wabhala eziningi amaphepha kokubili kwi-mathematics ne-physics. Sekukonke, senziwa emhlabeni 9 engamakhulu okutholakele eziyinkimbinkimbi bacebisa isayensi isikhathi. Ngu kwelanga impilo Leonarda Eylera, kuphambene nemithetho (kodwa ukwamukelwa uhulumeni waseFrance), Paris Academy of Sciences wenze amalungu ayo eziyisishiyagalolunye, kuyilapho ngokuvumelana nemithetho, kufanele kube eyisishiyagalombili. Kuphela zezibalo ezinkulu ayezifuna ukhishwa lolu dumo, njenganoma yikuphi yesayensi inhlangano pedantic uma kuziwa nokulandela imithetho.

Phakathi Leonarda Eylera okutholakele Kumele kuqashelwe:

• Ukuhlanganisa wezibalo njengoba isayensi. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVIII, okuyinto ubhekwa kwesikhathi lokunqoba kwe-Euler, tonkhe tifundvo bahlakazeka. Aljibhra, calculus, izibalo zama-engela, okungenzeka theory, nokunye. D. Kukhona bebodwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Wabahlanganisela kubo ngokulingana, uhlelo okunengqondo ukuthi manje touted ezikoleni zinjalo.
• inombolo Isiphetho e, okuyinto cishe elilingana 2.7. Njengoba ubona, ososayensi omkhulu kanye zezibalo ngokuvamile attain ukungafi emsebenzini wakhe, ayizange iphumelele le ndebe futhi Euler - uhlamvu lokuqala isibongo wangitshela igama kule nombolo engenangqondo ngaphandle okuyinto besingeke sibe khona logarithm engokwemvelo.
• Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi lokuqala inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukuhlanganiswa inkomba yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kuwo. Ukwethulwa integrals double.
• Kumila futhi ukusabalala Euler imidvwebo - a amagrafu emfushane ezibukwayo ezibonisa ubuhlobo amasethi, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ubonise ukuthi isethi okungenamkhawulo izinombolo zemvelo likhona isethi okungenamkhawulo izinombolo okunengqondo , nokunye.
• Ukubhala evula sikhathi lusebenza ku-calculus umehluko.
• Ukwengezwa geometry aphansi, Euclid esephetha okwamanje. Ngokwesibonelo, wabalethela kwaqinisekisa nokuthi zonke ukuphakama unxantathu aphambana ngesinye isikhathi.

uGalileo Galilei

Lokhu isisebenzi yesayensi oye ukuphila kwakhe konke e-Italy (kusuka 1564 kuya 1642), ezijwayele zonke wesikole. Isikhathi womsebenzi walo zenzeke isikhathi ezingacacile ukuthi kwaphawulwa Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. Noma yimuphi ephikisayo wajeziswa, isayensi waxotshana labo, ngoba kuphambene okushiwo zenkolo. Akekho futhi lutho angachazwa, entandweni yonke kaNkulunkulu.

It sezibalo uGalileo, ngokusho legend, kwaba nombhali ibinzana "Noma kunjalo awusebenzi ukuhambisa!", Ngaphambili he sazilahla amazwi akhe umhlaba uzungeza ilanga, ebe hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Lesi sinyathelo kwakubangelwa emzabalazweni wokuthola ukuphila, njengommemezeli Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi kubhekwa baqede ukuba umbono wakhe, lapho ukujikeleza abahlanganyeli ushintshanisiwe. Abapristi abakwazanga bayavuma ukuthi umhlaba njengoba indalo kaNkulunkulu saphela maphakathi konke.

Nokho, imizamo yakhe awazange kungagcini lo mbono, ngoba wangena umlando njengoba physics omkhulu nesazi sezibalo. uGalileo:

• nezifundo enokwehla sinqatshiwe egomela Aristotle, othi ngesilinganiso ukuwa umzimba ithunzi elehlayo isisindo sayo;
• Waletha indida ngegama lakhe, lapho inani izinombolo zemvelo ilingane enanini sezikwele okufanayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi izigcawu izinombolo akuyona;
• Wabhala: "Inkulumo idayisi 'wakhe, kubhekwe ireferensi ngokuya okungenzeka theory, inkinga nesiphetho nokucabangisisa.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Lapho wabhekisela zezibalo olukhulu eRussia, ngomunye wabokuqala efika engqondweni uyisihluthulelo ngokwesayensi.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov wazalwa ngo entwasahlobo ka-1903 emzini Tambov. imfundo yamabanga aphansi wathola ekhaya, bese wabhalisa esikoleni ngasese. Kakade lapho bekulokhu amakhono akhe emangalisayo sciences. Ukuze yokubhekana nezimo ezihlukahlukene, umndeni wakhe waphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele eMoscow, bafumana kulwiwa. Naphezu kwakho konke, Kolmogorov langena eMoscow University e-Faculty of Mathematics. abasha umfundi nempumelelo ensimini abakhethiwe sasisikhulu kangangokuba wakwazi ukuphinde kwamandla ukuthatha ezivivinyweni ekuseni, hhayi kubhekwa kusukela ezokuzilibazisa main - imfundiso yokuziphendukela okungenzeka. Emaphephabhukwini esayensi yaqala ukubonakala imisebenzi Andrei Nikolaevich, kusukela ngo-1923, futhi ngemva kwakhe ngaleso sikhathi ngokulambisa sekudlule iminyaka engu-20. Ehlelekile ekufezeni oyifunayo, isazi sezibalo ngo-1939 waba academician. Wayesebenza konke ukuphila kwakhe futhi wafa eMoscow ekwindla ka-1987, yena wangcwatshwa Novodevichy emathuneni.

Ukuze imisebenzi yakhe abalulekile abandakanya:

• Ukuthuthukiswa izindlela wokufundisa izibalo ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. zezibalo Omkhulu nokuthola kwabo ngezinga lomhlaba wonke zibalulekile, kodwa akukho msebenzi asilutho futhi kudingekile ukulungisa isizukulwane ezisencane abaholi yesayensi esizayo. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izisekelo abekwa ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni.
• Ukuthuthukiswa izindlela zezibalo kanye kuska abstract ezindaweni isicelo. Ngamanye amazwi, sibonga umsebenzi Andrei Nikolaevich Mathematics siqine isayensi.
• Isiphetho ezamukelwe ngu ngamazwe wezesayensi okungenzeka aphansi theory axioms. Lesi sakamuva libhekene yokuthi uchaza inombolo ezilinganiselwe imicimbi.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Lesi sibalo yesayensi, njengazo zonke wezibalo omkhulu Russian kusukela ebuntwaneni yabonisa ngamakhono amangalisayo sciences.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky wazalwa ngo 1793 kwelinye izifundazwe yeRussia. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-7 ubudala nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela Kazan, lapho ukuphila kwakhe konke. Washona ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-63, ukuzoqhubekisela igama lakhe kuze kube phakade umsebenzi kwahambisana classical Euclidean geometry. Wethula ukuhluzwa eziningana ohlelweni kokujwayelekile nihlola uchungechunge netitatimende letimalula, sib, ukuthi imigqa parallel bahlangana ngo okufanekisa ingunaphakade. umsebenzi wayo kunqunywa indiza lapho libhekene ngesivinini eduze ngejubane lokukhanya. Kunengqondo, lisho ukuthini kwatholakala ngaleso sikhathi? Kwemvelo kukhona impikiswano, njengento embi ngokwesabekayo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ososayensi omkhulu kanye zezibalo waqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi Lobachevsky ngivula esizayo.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Igama wezibalo eyaziwa zonke umfundi, njengoba kwadingeka ukuba kuqashelwe ngokuhamba jikelele wezibalo ephakeme, futhi ezindaweni zayo ezincane eziningi, ezifana e izingabunjalo.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (iminyaka yokuphila - 1789-1857) angabhekwa uyise ka izingabunjalo. Nguye sangenza ngacabanga bonke abahlala limbo, kungekho definition noma ngukulungisiswa. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe uvele izinsika eyala ezifana embili, umkhawulo, esuselwe futhi ebalulekile. Cauchy waphinde waveza Kuhlangana yochungechunge kanye engaba yayo, uma unikezwe ukulungisiswa nezibalo ukuhlakazwa e yokukhanya.

umnikelo Cauchy e-ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje wezibalo isikali kwaba ukuze igama lakhe uthethe ukuziqhenya indawo esitezi sokuqala i-Eiffel Tower - ilapho izindaba ngohlelo lokulandelana, kukhona ososayensi (kuhlanganise zezibalo omkhulu). Lolu hlu ukhonza njengelungu lesikhumbuzo ukuze isayensi, futhi kuze kube namuhla.

yi

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka wezibalo bakhangwa ososayensi ngokungekhona okwemvelo yabo, okuyinto Akumangalisi angachaza konke okwenzekayo ezweni elisizungezile.

Pythagoras wagomela ukuthi ngesisekelo inani amanga. Cishe konke okwenzekayo kumuntu futhi ngaphakathi umuntu, lingachazwa.

UGalileo wathi wezibalo - ulimi nemvelo. Cabanga ngalokhu. Inani ukuthi ine imvelo yokufakelwa, uchaza zonke zemvelo.

Amagama zezibalo omkhulu - akuyona nje uhlu lwabantu abayimilutha yomsebenzi wabo, ukwandisa futhi ushona kwezesayensi. Lawa izixhumanisi ukuthi bayakwazi ukuxhumanisa nesizayo, ukukhombisa abantu ithemba.

Nokho, lokhu kuyinto inkemba double nhlangothi zombili, ngoba ubunengi Imininingwane unika asizakale xaxa ithonya.

Ulwazi - amandla. ukuhlukunyezwa ukucabangela okudiliza lokho ibilokhu wafunda ngokuphelele futhi iqoqe imvuthuluka. Ukuqaphela lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, isayensi kufanele uphinde ezinhle.

abantu Omkhulu ukhulume izibalo ngenhlonipho olungenamkhawulo, njengoba passport esizayo.