Imodeli esezingeni yonke

Standard Model - umbono elimelela isethulo wanamuhla yokuqala base impahla ukuze kwakhiwe yonke. Le modeli uchaza kwakhiwa kanjani udaba kusukela ezinye zezici zalo eziyisisekelo, amabutho ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi izingxenye zalo.

Ingqikithi imodeli ejwayelekile

Ngo oyiyo, zonke izinhlayiya aphansi (nucleons) zazo kuhlanganisa nucleus, kanye nanoma yikuphi izinhlayiya esindayo (hadrons) aqukethe izinhlayiya ngisho ezincane prime ngokuthi ayisisekelo.

Lezi zici eyinhloko ndaba manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo quark. I quark lula kakhulu futhi ezivame zihlukaniswe engenhla (u) kanye ephansi (d). Proton siqukethe inhlanganisela quark uud, ne-neutron - udd. Shaja u-Quark kuyinto 2/3, kuyilapho d-Quark - kwenkokhiso negative -1/3. Uma sibona isamba amacala Quark, le namacala proton ne-neutron etholakala ngokuqinile elilingana 1 futhi 0. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imodeli standard ngokuphelele ngokwanele uchaza ngokoqobo.

Kukhona amabhangqa amaningana quark akha izinhlayiya exotic kakhudlwana. Ngakho, umbhangqwana yesibili bakha enchanted (s) futhi okungekuhle (s) Quark, kanye pair yesithathu - kweqiniso (t) futhi enhle (b).

Cishe zonke izinhlayiya ukuthi bayakwazi ukubikezela imodeli ejwayelekile, kakade ukuvulwa zokucwaninga.

Ngaphandle quark ngokuthi "amabhlogo wokwakha" kukhona leptons okuthiwa. Futhi yakha amabhangqa amathathu izinhlayiya: i-electron kusukela neutrino electron, muon neutrino muon, tau Lepton tau Lepton-neutrino.

Quarks futhi leptons, ngokososayensi, kukhona eziyinhloko zezinto zokwakha ngesisekelo obadalwa imodeli yesimanje universe. Zixhumana nge kuyizinhlayiyana-abathwali adlulisa amandla pulses. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le ukuxhumana okunjalo:

- eqinile, lapho Quark agcinwayo ngaphakathi izinhlayiya;

- kagesi;

- ababuthakathaka, okuholela izinhlobo ukubola;

- amandla adonsela phansi.

Namandla umbala nokuxhumana izinhlayiya idluliselwe ngokuthi gluons abangenalo mass kagesi. chromodynamics Quantum uyafundelwa lolu hlobo nokuxhumana.

Ukuxhumana kagesi kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa exchange of mass bancishwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya - Quanta emisebeni kagesi.

Ukuxhumana ababuthakathaka kungenxa omkhulu Vector bosons, okuyinto cishe izikhathi ezingu-90-proton.

ukuxhumana adonsela phansi inikeza zokuxhumana graviton abangenalo mass. Nokho, Ucwaningo ukubona baye lalezi zinhlobo okwamanje kuphumelele.

imodeli Standard ibheka ezintathu izinhlobo lokuqala budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye kuyimiphumela emithathu ehlukene bemvelo olulodwa. Ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa, okuyinto usebenza yonke, empeleni tho ndawonye, ngakho-ke abakwazi ke ukuqonda. Okokuqala, njengoba ososayensi bathole, hlanganisa namandla alinganiselwe enuzi kanye kagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kubanga nokuxhumana electroweak, amandla nezinto zethu esingazisebenzisa ukugcina laboratories yesimanje ngesikhathi aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators.

Umkhathi ithiyori uthi ngesikhathi yomsuka wawo, e-millisecond lokuqala ngemuva kwe-Big Bang, umahluko ophakathi kwala amabutho kagesi kanye zenuzi esahambile. Kwaba ngemva ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa isilinganiso wendawo yonke abafika kwabangu-10 14K, izinhlobo ezine nokuxhumana bakwazi behlukana bese sibheke yesimanje. Okwamanje, izinga lokubanda lalingu ngenhla loluphawu, isinyathelo amandla kuphela esiyisisekelo amandla adonsela phansi, eqinile futhi ekuhlanganyeleni electroweak.

ukuxhumana Electroweak kuhlangene yenuzi eqinile ezingeni lokushisa mayelana 10 27 K, bona umuntu ongakatjhadi ngeze e-laboratory yesimanje. Kodwa lezi amandla manje sintula ngisho Universe ngokwayo, kancane ngakho ukuqinisekisa noma siphikise lo mbono akunakwenzeka okwamanje. Kodwa umbono wokuthi uchaza izinqubo kokusebenzisana esasivumele ukuba sinikeze ezinye izibikezelo mayelana izinqubo ezenzeka emazingeni amandla aphansi. Futhi lezi izibikezelo manje ukuqinisekisile Ucwaningo.

Ngakho, imodeli ejwayelekile inikeza umbono we okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, ndaba yakhiwa leptons futhi quark kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zinhlayiya zichazwe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma grand enobunye. Model kodwa akuphelele ngoba akubandakanyi nokuxhumana okudonsa izinto. Nge ukuqhubeka ulwazi nobuchwepheshe yesayensi, lokhu imodeli kungenziwa kulekelelwa futhi ithuthukiswe, kodwa okwamanje - kungcono the best of okushiwo ososayensi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa.