Von Neumann izakhiwo: umlando izindawo elivela kuzo igama elithi

Umklamo we von Neumann, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-imodeli von Neumann, noma i-Princeton izakhiwo, esekelwe indlela echazwe ngo-1945, isazi sezibalo bese physics John von Neumann embikweni "I luhlaka lwekucala" we EDVAC ikhompyutha.

Umklamo wesifunda

Umbiko wachaza von Neumann izakhiwo umdwebo we-elekthronikhi computer digital nge izingxenye ehlanganisa processing units, ehlanganisa:

• i-arithmetic logic iyunithi;
• amarejista iprosesa;
• i-control unit ehlanganisa irejista imfundo kanye counter uhlelo;
• inkumbulo ukugcina idatha;
• idivayisi isitoreji sangaphandle;
• input bese okukhipha izindlela.

Okwakushiwo ukuthuthukiswa sasihlanganisa yokuthi yiluphi ulwazi egcinwe ulwazi kwikhompyutha zingasetshenziswa yinoma hlelo, lapho ukusebenza, imininingwane ekhethiwe ayikwazi ukudlalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngoba ukwabelana ibhasi ezivamile. Kukhulunywa ngaso ku "luhlaka lwekucala", elichaza ukucabanga usosayensi ngalokho izakhiwo kufanele kube. Von Neumann ngokuthi lesi simo "bottleneck", okuyinto ngokuvamile kukhawula ukusebenza kohlelo.

Izimiso von Neumann izakhiwo

Digital ikhompyutha - ikhompyutha, ukugcina uhlelo yakhiwa imiyalelo Uhlelo, ukufunda idatha, ngokubhala, futhi kuhlanganisa okungahleliwe ukufinyelela inkumbulo (RAM). Izimiso Architecture nguJohane von Neumann evezwe umsebenzi wakhe "Le phrojekthi yokuqala." Ngokusho kwakhe, amakhompyutha egcinwe kumemori Uhlelo babe ngcono phezu ukulawula amakhompyutha, ezifana ENIAC. I yesibili zahlelwa ngekubeka ukushintsha, futhi ukufakwa patch, okuholela ewachitha idatha nokulawula amasignali phakathi amabhulokhi ezahlukene sokusebenza. Ngo iningi inkumbulo liyasetshenziswa kumakhompyutha yesimanje ngale ndlela. Ngakho -computer izakhiwo von Neumann ihlukile, isibonelo, eHarvard, ukuze akasebenzisi kwimemori main kanye isilondolozi.

prehistory

Amakhompyutha bokuqala banikezwa uhlelo esinqunyiwe. Ezinye amakhompyutha silula namanje ukusebenzisa lolu design noma ukuze kube lula noma ukuqeqeshwa ngezinhloso. Ngokwesibonelo, wokubala ideskithophu futhi ikhompyutha Uhlelo esinqunyiwe. Kungaba ukusebenza izisekelo izibalo, kodwa ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengoba ye-word , noma imidlalo console. Ukushintsha uhlelo umshini fixed kudinga rewiring, ukuhlelwa kabusha noma kabusha amalungiselelo. Amakhompyutha bokuqala kwakungafanele ezivalekile, njengoba zenzelwe okokuqala nangezinjongo ngokwesayensi. Reprogramming eyavela kamuva kakhulu futhi kwaba kuwumsebenzi onzima, kusukela imidwebo block banknotes nesiphetho imiklamo enemininingwane. nzima Ikakhulukazi kwaba inqubo sesimanje iziteshi ngokomzimba umshini yokutakula. Kungathatha ukufakwa amasonto amathathu ku ENIAC nokuzama ukwenza kube ukusebenza.

Umbono entsha

Nge-computer, ukugcina uhlelo kumemori, konke kwashintsha. Esenkumbulweni, zingabantu design nge iqoqo imiyalelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umshini angakwazi ngokushesha uthole iziqondiso afeze izibalo.

Umklamo izinhlelo ezinjalo iphathelene ikhodi self-ukulungisa. Omunye izitshalo lokuqala into enjalo kwaba nesidingo sokuba algorithm ukwandisa noma ngenye ukushintsha ikheli ingxenye imiyalo. Wanikwa ngesandla imiklamo ekuseni. Lokhu kwaba ezingabalulekile kangako lapho Inkomba amarejista kanye engaqondile ekhuluma baba ezijayelekileko possessed izakhiwo computer imishini John von Neumann. Okunye ukusetshenziswa - ukufaka idatha ukusetshenziswa njalo ohlelweni lwesikhathi imiyalo nezixazululo ngokushesha. Kodwa ikhodi self-ukulungisa ngokwezinga elikhulu liye wagxeka ngoba ngokuvamile kunzima ukuqonda futhi sokulungisa iphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena wazibonakalisa futhi ungasizi ngokuya ukukhiqizwa kanye inqolobane Amacebo izilimi yesimanje.

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ikhono ukwelapha imiyalelo njengoba idatha - lokhu yikho okwenza assemblers, compilers, assemblers, Loaders namanye amathuluzi nge izinto kungenzeka lwezinhlelo ezenzakalelayo. Ngakho ukukhuluma, ukubhala izinhlelo ukubhala izinhlelo. Uma siyibuka ngelinye iso, okukhulu input bese okukhipha imisebenzi esiqhubekayo, ezifana manipulations BitBlt-image bakudala noma kwe-pixel kanye vertex shaders e yesimanje 3D-ihluzo, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ingase ingaphumeleli ukusebenzisa ngaphandle imishini umsebenzisi.

Ukuthuthukiswa umqondo egcinwe kumemori Uhlelo

Sezibalo Alan Turing, ngubani wayenesithakazelo inkinga logic zezibalo emva izinkulumo Max Newman sika eCambridge University, wabhala isihloko ngo-1936, yanyatheliswa kumagazini we-London Mathematical Society. Kuyo, wachaza umshini esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka, alibiza ngokuthi "jikelele Computing umshini", futhi manje yaziwa njengendlela jikelele Turing umshini. Yena kwakufanele isitoreji kwaphakade okunganqamukiyo (e ngamagama esimanje - inkumbulo), eyayinekheli kokubili imiyalelo kanye nedatha, obadalwa futhi izakhiwo. Von Neumann ngajwayelana Turing ngesikhathi lapho waba uprofesa ngokuvakashela eCambridge ngo-1935, futhi ngokuhamba sivikele ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela e-Turing Institute Sokutadisha Okuthuthukile Princeton (New Jersey) e 1936-1937.

Ngokuzimela Ji Presper Eckert futhi Dzhon Mochli, ezahlela ENIAC School of Electrical Engineering e-University of Pennsylvania, wabhala mayelana nomqondo umshini, okuyinto igcina Uhlelo kumemori ngoDisemba 1943. Lapho ihlela ukuba kube umshini omusha, EDVAC, Eckert wabhala ngo-January 1944 ukuthi kuzogcina idatha nezinhlelo ezintsha kudivayisi imemori addressable usebenzisa metallic mercury ukubambezeleka. Kwakuwusuku okokuqala ukwakhiwa umshini umkhuba eligcina uhlelo kumemori okuphakanyiswe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yena Mauchly babengakuqapheli umsebenzi Turing (ngezansi).

Ikhompyutha izakhiwo: Von Neumann isimiso

Von Neumann kwakuhilela "Manhattan Project" eNational Laboratory e Los Alamos, okuyinto edingekayo omningi kwekhompyutha. It eyamdonsela iphrojekthi ehlobo lika-1944, ENIAC. Kukhona yena wajoyina izingxoxo kukhompyutha ukuthuthukiswa EDVAC. Phakathi naleli qembu, wabhalela iphepha enesihloko esithi "Umbiko luhlaka lwekucala lolufaka ekhatsi phezu EDVAC», esekelwe umsebenzi Eckert futhi Mauchly. Kwaba sidle uma uzakwabo Goldstein basakaza project von Neumann (endleleni, Eckert futhi Mauchly bashaqeka zindaba). Lo mbhalo iye ufunde inqwaba nozakwethu von Neumann e Melika naseYurophu futhi yaba nethonya elikhulu esiteji esilandelayo sokuthuthuka ikhompyutha.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo von Neumann izakhiwo, njengoba kubekwe ku "luhlaka lwekucala," eyathandwa kakhulu, kuyilapho Turing embozwe umbiko wakhe wokubala electronic, okuchaziwe ngokuningiliziwe ubunjiniyela kanye izinhlelo. Kuye kwashiwo futhi isethulo semoto lombhali, elibizwa ngokuthi okuzenzakalelayo Computing Engine (ACE). Wethula kuwo esigungu waseBritish National Physical Laboratory ngo-1946. Ngemva kwesikhashana ngisho kusetjentiswa ngemphumelelo ACE imiklamo ehlukahlukene zavezwa.

Qala amaphrojekthi

Futhi iphrojekthi ye von Neumann futhi Turing imibhalo uchaza ikhompyutha ukugcina kumemori uhlelo oluthile, kodwa isihloko Von Neumann izuzwe kwegazi okukhulu emphakathini, nekhompyutha izakhiwo seyaziwa ngokuthi uJohane von Neumann izakhiwo.

Ngo-1945, uProfesa Neumann, owabe esebenzela isikole ubunjiniyela e Philadelphia, lapho kuqala Yakhiwa ENIAC, ekhishwe egameni ozakwabo nokubika umklamo okunomqondo amakhompyutha digital. Lo mbiko unikeza isiphakamiso sasivumela enemininingwane ukuze kwakhiwe umshini, eye kusukela makwaziwe njengoba EDVAC. Wayebe kuphela muva lisungulwe Melika, kodwa umbiko ilethe ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane von Neumann EDSAC.

Maniacs futhi Joniacs

Ngo-1947, Burks, Goldstein futhi von Neumann eshicilelwe omunye umbiko olwaluhlanganisa ukwakhiwa kungolunye uhlobo imoto (sikhathi parallel), okuyinto kwakufanele abe ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu, abanekhono, mhlawumbe, ukuze ukuthwala imisebenzi ngomzuzwana 20,000. Baphawula ukuthi inkinga kungalungiswanga ekwakhiweni kwaba ukuthuthukiswa inkumbulo efanelekayo, zonke okuqukethwe okufanele kube etholakalayo ngokushesha. Okokuqala, Base bemisa ukusebenzisa cleaner tube okhethekileyo, obizwa ngokuthi Selectron, okuyinto yasungulwa ngaleso Princeton laboratory. amashubhu ezinjalo ezibizayo, ngibenze nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa lokhu izakhiwo. Von Neumann kamuva wanquma ukwakha imoto esekelwe kwimemori Williams sika. Lo mshini, eyaqedwa ngo-June 1952 ngesikhathi Princeton, isibe Maniac laziwe kabanzi (noma nje Maniacs). Design Its liphefumulelwe Abadali ku ukwakhiwa kwalesi isigamu-kweshumi noma amadivayisi okunye okucishe kufane, okuyinto manje kwakhiwa Melika wabiza Johniacs yamahlaya.

izimiso ekudalweni

Omunye kumakhompyutha amaningi samanje sedijithali, kulethe ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono kule nqubo ye-othomathikhi kathisha electronic oluye lwaboniswa eNational Physical Laboratory e Teddington, lapho elaklanywa futhi lakhiwa iqembu elincane zezibalo, onjiniyela kanye onjiniyela ucwaningo, ngosizo eziningana onjiniyela ukukhiqizwa kusukela English Electric Company Ltd. Imishini namanje endaweni yokucwaninga, kodwa njengoba i-prototype isitshalo olukhudlwana, okuyinto njengoba okuzenzakalelayo Computing Engine ezaziwayo. Kodwa, naphezu isisindo elincane futhi okuqukethwe valve amakheli ndawonye 800 kuphela, kuba kakhulu okusheshayo futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene ukubala umshini.

imiqondo eziyisisekelo kanye nezimiso abstract ukubala besebenzisa imishini ziye zavela nguDkt Turing ngesisekelo okufanayo London Mathematical Umphakathi ngo-1936, kodwa ukusebenza imishini enjalo e-UK ibambezelekile yimpi. Ngo-1945, ukuhlolwa izinkinga yokudala zinsizakuphila baqhubeka eNational Physical Laboratory Dr. Vormsli, Superintendent uMnyango Mathematics Laboratory. Wahlanganyela Turing nethimba lakhe elincane ochwepheshe, futhi-1947 ukuhlela kwangaphambilini kukhanga ngokwanele eziphambili ukuze bathethelele ukusungulwa iqembu elikhethekile.

Amakhompyutha yokuqala von Neumann izakhiwo

Le phrojekthi yokuqala ichaza isikimu eliye lasetshenziswa amayunivesithi amaningi corporations ukwakha amakhompyutha abo. Phakathi kwabo, ILLIAC kuphela ORDVAC futhi babe iyahambisana imfundo amasethi.

Classical von Neumann izakhiwo yayiyingxenye Manchester encane umshini zokuhlola (SSEM), wethiwa Baby e-University of Manchester, okwakwenza yethulwa okokuqala ngempumelelo kudivayisi ebamba imemori hlelo, 21 Juni 1948.

EDSAC-University of Cambridge, esiwusizo computer yokuqala electronic lolu hlobo, wethulwa ngempumelelo okokuqala ngoMeyi 1949.

Ukuthuthukiswa amamodeli wadala

IBM SSEC kwadingeka ithuba lokucabanga imiyalelo njengoba idatha futhi kwaboniswa Januwari 27, 1948 esidlangalaleni. Leli khono waqinisekisa ngo-US Pat. Nokho, kwaba umshini kancane electromechanical, kunemikhiqizo ngogesi ngokugcwele. Ekusebenteni, imiyalelo zafundwa ngephepha itheyiphu ngenxa inkumbulo yayo elinganiselwe.

Baby kwaba computer yokuqala electronic ngokugcwele ukusebenzisa izinhlelo agcinwe. It Uhlelo kahle wagijima imizuzu 52, 21 Juni 1948 ngemuva kokuqala kanye ukucabanga elula yokuhlukanisa ukubala elibonisa ukuthi izinombolo ezimbili kukhona coprime.

ENIAC ilungisiwe ukusebenza njengoba ikhompyutha bakudala ngoba ukufunda kuphela, kodwa izakhiwo efanayo, futhi oluye lwaboniswa Septhemba 16, 1948, futhi kwethulwa uhlelo Adele Goldstein ihlelwe ngosizo von Neumann.

BINAC wachitha izinhlelo ukuhlolwa eziningana ngo-February, March no-April 1949, nakuba yaze yaqedwa-September 1949. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa iphelela Kwakuseshwa (ezinye yimpumelelo) amanye amakhompyutha electronic, okuyinto sici izakhiwo. Von Neumann, ngasendleleni, waqhubeka nokungenisa ukusebenza wephrojekthi "Manhattan". Yilokho indoda enemisebenzi ezinjalo.

Evolution of izakhiwo ibhasi uhlelo

Ngokusebenzisa le minyaka, usuvele 60s kanye 70s, amakhompyutha ngokuvamile baye baba ezincane futhi ngokushesha, okuholela kwemvelo ukuthi usebhekene izakhiwo computer von Neumann. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokubonisa imemori input bese okukhipha ivumela abafanele kumadivayisi, idatha, kanye iziyalezo zendlela ukuhlanganisa ohlelweni lapho kuzosetshenzwa, bahlala enkumbulweni. Uhlelo ibhasi lingasetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka uhlelo Modular nge ezincane. Lokhu ngesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhleleka" bokwakha. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ngezinye izikhathi microcontrollers elula ungayisebenzisi ezinye izici of a imodeli ejwayelekile ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko kanye nosayizi. Kodwa amakhompyutha enkulu ulandele izakhiwo zisungulwe baye wanezela izici ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza.