Sulphur (Sulphur lat.) - elementi nonmetal. I S uphawu zamakhemikhali, inombolo ye-serial ethebuleni gqwa - 16 Valence sulphur eyayibekwe ngisho ngaphambi kokutadisha isakhiwo ye-athomu. Inani layo kunqunywa ezisuselwa kuzakhiwo esikhundleni, ukuheha noma unamathisele eziningi nezinye ama-athomu noma emaqenjini. Kamuva, abacwaningi bathola indima izinhlayiya omubi icala (electron) uma kwenzeka isibopho zamakhemikhali.
Valence sulphur: okuyinto ama-athomu ethile sithikameze ukudayiswa kwayo?
Iningi ezivamile chemical isici eMhlabeni endaweni 16. Kwenzeka ngendlela zinhlayiya ophuzi kukhanya noma powder kwamadwala eduze nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo kanye esingasebenzi. Zezakhi esingokwemvelo, esaziwa kangcono - sulphides futhi sulphates.
Izici ebese izinto:
- nonmetal eqinile.
- Ngu electronegativity (EO) noma ikhono ukuheha electron sulphur ezithela kuphela sasekhaya, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, chlorine ne uxhumano lokudlulisa.
- It ihlangana izinsimbi kanye nonmetals, elula futhi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Umehluko kule izakhiwo zincike isakhiwo kanye nesimo ye-athomu, umehluko amagugu EO. Ake sibone ukuthi yini okungenzeka Valence sulphur compounds. Indlela ababeziphethe ngayo chemical zincike isakhiwo kwamandla ezimvilophini, inani kanye ilungiselelo electron yangaphandle nakuyi-athomu.
Kungani valency lihlukile?
isotopes Esitebeleni kukhona sulphur yemvelo ne mass izinombolo 32 (ezivamile), 33, 34 futhi 36. Ngayinye yalezi nuclides athomu 16 iqukethe proton kahle icala. Esikhaleni eduze nucleus ngesivinini esikhulu 16 electron. Ziyakwazi ngokungenamkhawulo encane, omubi icala. Ngaphansi bakhangwa nucleus (esinophawu lwesehluleki) 6 izinhlayiya zangaphandle. Eziningana noma bonke abathintekayo kumiswa izinhlobo ezahlukene amakhemikhali isibopho. Ngokusho imiqondo yesimanje Valence sulphur kunqunywa inani wadala ezivamile (kunenze nisondelane) electron ngazimbili. Ngokuvamile nemifanekiso izinhlayiya zangaphandle iqhaza enqubeni omelelwa iphuzu azungeze uphawu zamakhemikhali.
Ngenxa Valence incike isakhiwo athomu?
Nge isakhiwo ongabonisa amazinga kanye sublevels (s, p, d) usebenzisa umdwebo amandla esuka lapho Valence sulphur kuyinto ifomula nasekuthengeni. imicibisholo amabili oppositely iqondiswe zifanekisela abhanqiwe, omunye - electron ayibhangqiwe. I yangaphandle isikhala sulphur athomu orbitals ifomu izinhlayiya 6 futhi 8 kuyadingeka ukuze ukuzinza kokubusa OCTET. Valence igobolondo ukucushwa ibonisa ifomula 3s23p4. Electron ungqimba sidle babe inqolobane enkulu namandla, elibangela isimo engazinzile ye-athomu. Ukuze sisimame kuyi-athomu ye-sulphur kudinga izinhlayiya ezimbili ezengeziwe ezimbi. Zingase etholwe ngesikhathi kumiswa covalent izibopho nezinye izakhi noma ngenxa ukumuncwa electron ezimbili khulula. Kulokhu, nesibabule kuyinto Valence II (-). Inani elifanayo ingatholakala kusetshenziswa indlela: 8 - 2 = 6, lapho 6 - inombolo iqembu lapho isici.
Lapho kukhona compounds lapho Valence sulphur kuyinto II (-)?
Elementi edonsela noma ngokuphelele kuthatha ama-electron kusuka kuma-atom ngezinhlamvu ezincane electronegativity ukubaluleka ngokuvumelana Pauling esikalini. Valency II (-) okuboniswe sulfides of izinsimbi kanye nonmetals. Iqembu olubanzi compounds enjalo itholakala ukwakheka yamadwala namaminerali kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Lezi zihlanganisa pyrite (Fes), sphalerite (ZNS), Galena (PBS), kanye nezinye izinto. yensimbi sulfide zinhlayiya abe nice umbala tan futhi elicwebezela ngokukhethekile. "Igolide Fool sika" amaminerali pyrite uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi. Ukuze izinsimbi kusukela imikhando yabo eyenziwa calcining noma ukunciphisa. Hydrogen sulfide H2S has izakhiwo efanayo electronic, njengamanzi. Umsuka H2S:
- ikhishwe ngesikhathi kwamazinyo amaprotheni (isb, amaqanda inkukhu);
- It Kuqubuka ne amagesi ezintaba-mlilo;
- It aqoqana amanzi zemvelo, uwoyela;
- adedelwa imigodi e ungqimba lomhlaba.
Kungani ifomula valent sulphur oxide SO2?
Formula dioxide ukhombisa kutsi lomunye sulphur athomu e-molecule banamathele athomu amabili oksijini, ngamunye okufanele kube 2 kuya OCTET electron. Isibopho okuholela ingumuntu a covalent polar (i-oksijini EO ngaphezulu). I Valence we-sulphur kule kwakwakhe inenani ka IV (+), ngoba sulphur athomu electron 4 nazo ezilahlekelwe ekufezeni athomu amabili-mpilo. Ifomula singatlolwa bunjesi: S2O4, kodwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho kufanele yehliswe ngama 2. dioxide lapho ziyoncibilika amafomu amanzi sulfurous acid ion ababuthakathaka. nosawoti Ezazimzungezile - sulphites - eqinile ekunciphiseni ejenti. igesi SO2 yikhasi eliphakathi nendawo kule ukukhiqizwa sulfuric acid.
Yikuphi sulphur izinto ubukisa Valence yayo eliphakeme?
Oxide noma SO3 S2O6 - ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle at okushisa ngezansi 17 ° C, Uqinisa. Esikhathini elibona nxazonke SO3 iyona Valence umoya-mpilo II (-), kanye VI (+) nesibabule. oxide Ephakeme ancibilikisa emanzini futhi yakha dibasic sulfuric acid eqinile. Ukuze indima enkulu inqubo ukukhiqizwa into ngokuthi "isinkwa umkhakha amakhemikhali." indima ebalulekile emnothweni kanye imithi fanele nosawoti acid - sulphates. Sebenzisa i-calcium amanzi amaningi (Gypsum), i-sodium (usawoti Glauber sika), magnesium (ngesiNgisi noma usawoti ebabayo).
Ukwakheka izinhlobo ezahlukene amakhemikhali kunenze nisondelane bangahlanganyela 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, ama-electron yangaphandle. Sibiza okunokwenzeka Valence sulphur, unikezwa ukuthi kukhona kwakwakhe ezingavamile futhi engazinzile: I (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). A yesibili omuhle Valence isici ozuza monoxide SO. Inani ezivamile II (-), IV (+), VI (+) sikhombisa nesibabule yokwakheka iqembu izinto kokuba ukubaluleka ezimbonini, kwezolimo kanye wezokwelapha. compounds wayo asetshenziswa womshini iziqhumane.
Inkinga enkulu ukuthunjwa imfucuza amagesi, kuhlanganise yingozi yini abantu nendawo ezungezile sulphur oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) ne-hydrogen sulfide. Umi ubuchwepheshe for ngokucubungula lezi amagesi imfucuza nokuthola imvume kubo kusukela sulfuric acid sulfate. Kuze kube yimanje, izitshalo chemical esakhiwe eduze Izigayo steel noma endaweni efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, inani ukungcoliswa kuyehla, kukhona kancane "sulfuric acid imvula."