Uyini oligarchy? okusho

Oligarchy waba nesithakazelo kakhudlwana yongqondongqondo basendulo. Njengoba ababhali bokuqala abake e azibhala zabo ukuchaza lesi simo, isinyathelo kaPlato no-Aristotle. Ngakho-ke yini i oligarchy ekuqondeni zefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo?

Oligarchy ezimfundisweni uPlato

Omunye evelele kunazo zonke abalobi lwesiGreki sakuqala, uPlato khulumela. Kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe kwakha isisekelo ekutadisheni iningi izifundo zezombusazwe. zihlolisisa ibhekane azibhala ezifana "isimo", "ethi Apology of Socrates", "Politia" nabanye. Kuzo ukhuluma izinkinga esiphuthumayo ngesikhathi, ikakhulukazi, ithinta umbuzo indlela engcono kakhulu yo- uhulumeni. Ngamanye amazwi, it inikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana lokho oligarchy, intando yeningi, ezombusazwe, yisihluku, timocracy nabanye.

Sula incazelo yegama elithi "oligarchy" uPlato kungaqali, ngokuqondene naleli zohulumeni uma siqhathanisa nabanye, siphakamise izici zayo isici. Nokho, leli gama usho kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, ogxile ikhwalifikheshini impahla. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona oshayelayo wabantu zezimali nezicebi, kuyilapho abampofu azinalo ilungelo lokuvota.

Ngokwe-agumenti sazi oligarchy sihlobana Umlaza olulodwa amafomu osontekile uhulumeni. Lokhu uhlelo zenhlalakahle kanye nomphakathi kancane kancane lukhumuzeka kusukela timocracy, kulethe izenzo ezimbi kakhulu. Ubuhle iyeke ukudlala indima ebalulekile kwezombusazwe, njengoba wathatha ngomnotho. uhlelo Oligarchic oba kuphela ngebutho lempi, kunokugxila ezintweni nenhlonipho kanye nokudunyiswa inkosi. Iningi labantu uhlala ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya, futhi iqembu elibusayo ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama ukuthatha izinyathelo ukuba unqobe lokhu kuthambekela. I oligarchy kusebenza ukuhanjiswa kanye nezinzuzo ngokungafanele obukhona emphakathini.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana nezimfundiso zikaPlato, isimo fair futhi oligarchy akuhambisani nomunye. Kodwa ukuze ugweme ukonakala kwazo timocracy kuleli fomu isakhiwo senhlalo nesomnotho umphakathi akunakwenzeka.

Oligarchy e izimfundiso zika-Aristotle

U-Aristotle wayengusosayensi Umfundi kaPlato, ngakho waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe uthisha wakhe ngezindlela eziningi. Ikakhulukazi, waqala ukuba bacabangele umbuzo emibhalweni yakhe ngokwesayensi ukuthi lokhu oligarchy. Isazi sefilosofi ukuthi le izinhlobo zohulumeni, kanye intsandvo yelinyenti kanye ngobushiqela, kukhona izinhlobo ezonakele oda kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Ngo indatshana yakhe "Ezombusazwe" U-Aristotle wafaka igama elithi "oligarchy" ngokuyisisekelo inqubomgomo sikhathi, ngamanye amazwi, wayesho ukuthi leli fomu libonisa amandla alo muntu ocebile. It is in the state oligarchic uyonakwa ekhethekile izinzuzo zababusi, esigaba ocebile. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa lesi simiso abangaphelele, njengoba kushiwo, ukuthi kukhona ukuthi kungenzeka "ukuthenga" indawo ilanga, ngakho ilungiselelo ezifanayo umphakathi akuwona uzinze.

Concept R. Michels

Uyini oligarchy? ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa kulo magazini ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ekhulwini lama-20. Ikakhulukazi, babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekutadisheni lesi simanga ukwenze R. Michels, ngubani ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, wathi umqondo wakhe, okuyinto kamuva ibhaliswe njengendlalifa "yensimbi umthetho oligarchy." Isazi sefilosofi ukuthi noma imuphi umuntu iyunithi yezenhlalakahle nezenhlalo zomphakathi ekugcineni lukhumuzeka ku oligarchy, naphezu kwalokho okushiwo kwase kubekwe isisekelo kuzo - yeningi noma autocratic.

Isizathu esikhulu salokhu mkhuba - isifiso sokuba umholi womphakathi amabombo uhulumeni wombuso futhi abeke phambili izithakazelo zabo kuqala, kubandakanya ezezimali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isixuku kahle ukwethemba eNgophezukonke yakhe, ukuzivala amehlo wakhe ukulalela yonke imiyalo yakhe, esebenza ngendlela imithetho.

izinhlobonhlobo oligarchy

Kuze kube manje, ososayensi zezombusazwe abatadisha lesi simanga, kunezinhlobo ezine ezihlukene oligarchy, ngamunye ephethe azifani nezici:

1. Monooligarhiya. Lo oda nomphakathi Kulezo zifunda, lapho bonke nombuso bagxila ezandleni umbusi monarchical. Akunandaba, kuyoba engokwasezulwini noma zezwe. Kodwa umehluko omkhulu wukuthi le nkosi kudala isakhiwo phezulu, ogama imisebenzi okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko at inothile. Kwezinye izimo, ngeke isakhiwo komphakathi okufana Sinemandla futsi isikhundla kunakunoma kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Njengoba isibonelo feudalism.
2. Demoligarhiya. Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, kukhona nenye idimokhrasi kanye nokuhlonishwa oligarchy, okuyinto kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi abantu babe ubukhosi, idlulisela amandla ngokugcwele neqembu elincane oligarchic ngokusebenzisa ukhetho noma inhlolovo.
3. oligarchy Transit. Lolu hlobo idivayisi umphakathi wesikhashana. Kwenzeka lapho le nkosi ilahlekelwe wonke amandla, futhi abantu yayingakabi eNgophezukonke. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi engazinzile ehola indima ezama ukudlala oligarchy, okuyinto uzama ukubambelela amandla nganoma iyiphi indlela.
4. Wathukuthelisa oligarchy. Kulokhu, abantu ocebile ukubambelela amandla, musa ekuzameni isikhundla kwawo ubukhosi. Kunalokho, basebenzisa izinhlobo emthethweni nomthelela emphakathini, ezihlanganisa ubudlova namanga.

Boyar oligarchy - umoya wokugcina

Abanye abacwaningi, ngaphezu oshiwo ngenhla 4 izinhlobo oligarchy, kuyinto aqhelelene futhi uhlobo yesihlanu - Boyarsky. Leli fomu zedivayisi has esingokwemvelo Novgorod futhi Pskov phakathi XII xv ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, buthakathaka kancane amandla ezandleni umbusi monarchical, amaqembu oligarchic ngesimo le boyars ezinethonya kunazo wazama ukuzuza ubukhosi.

Ngamanye amazwi, bafuna ukwenza isisekelo State wasinikeza izici eziyinhloko oligarchy.

Amathemba we oligarchy ezweni lanamuhla

Kuze kube manje, lo oligarchy isibe omunye izihloko ukhiye we ingxoxo at ensimini ka ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union. Uma sihlaziya isimo odlule 15-20 iminyaka, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi ubushiqela we oligarchs kuragela yayo kuphela, ikakhulu, futhi Russian Federation.

Uhulumeni yakha inqubomgomo ngendlela ezifana ukuvala impikiswano predominance we oligarchs kuhulumeni. Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke imizamo yokuthola ikhambi lale nkinga inga- etholwe kuze kube manje. Ngakho-ke, amathemba oligarchy eRussia futhi emhlabeni wonke namuhla, Kuyadumaza, njengoba lokhu kungadala destabilization isimo sezombangazwe emazweni elafika indlela yeningi yentuthuko.