UMengameli yaseSiriya Hafez Asad: Biography, umndeni

Hafez al-Assad (Okthoba 6, 1930 - Juni 10, 2000, iDamaseku) - sezombusazwe LwaseSiriya, "Baath" kusho uNobhala Jikelele party, kukaNdunankulu yaseSiriya (1970-1971) kanye umengameli wayo (1971-2000).

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Hafez Asad, ogama biography waqala edolobhaneni Kardahe esifundazweni Latakia, wazalelwa emndenini okungokukaNkulunkulu owenziwa umphakathi ongokwenkolo Alawite. Abazali bakhe-NASA futhi Ali Suleiman al-Assad. Hafez wayeyindodana wesishiyagalolunye Ali, kanti owesine ngomshado wakhe wesibili. Ubaba wayenedumela izingane nanye, futhi wayaziwa ngokuba amandla akhe marksmanship.

Assad umndeni livela Suleiman al-Vahhisha, umkhulu, Hafeza Asada, naye wahlala ezintabeni enyakatho yaseSiriya edolobhaneni Kardahe. Abantu bendawo ngesifekethiso igama Vahhish, okusho "isilo sasendle" ngesi-Arabhu. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, umbusi WaseTurkey we Vilayet Aleppo Kardahi yathuma amabutho endaweni okuqoqa intela nokuqasha labantu abasha ababhaliswayo. Anqotshiwe phambi kuka-ihlukane of abalimi eholwa Suleiman Al-Vahhishem, nakuba lezi zihlubuki ahlomile yayimane nje izinkemba muskets ubudala.

Hafez Asad Kungase uyaziqhenya kayise Ali Suleymanom, owazalelwa e-1875. Ngenxa uhlonishwa phakathi bendawo, wamelana yokuvinjezelwa French yaseSiriya ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Assad yakhe isidlaliso, okusho "ibhubesi", wenza igama lakhe ngo-1927. Wayephila kuze 1963, waba nethuba ukubona kancane kancane ukuba indodana amandla ophakeme kuleli zwe.

Ebuntwaneni neminyaka cwaningo

Alawites ekuqaleni babemelene isimo esihlanganisiwe umSiriya, ngoba babecabanga ukuthi isimo sabo amancane ezinhlanga kazwelonke ngeke mabathathe ke isikhundla obufanele. Uyise Hafez asekelwe kwale mizwa. Lapho French kwesokunxele Syria, abaningi amaSiriya abangethembi ukwesekwa yabo endala Alawite neFrance. Hafez Asad Alawite kwesokunxele ndawo yakubo futhi waqala imfundo yakhe eneminyaka engu-nesishiyagalolunye Sunni Latakia (Sunnis kukhona umphakathi ongokwenkolo eyinhloko wonke amaSulumane, esingesesibili ngobukhulu kuyinto umphakathi Shiites, Alawites futhi okuyinto Abut ngokuya zenkolo). Yena waqala emndenini wakhe ukuya esikoleni esiphakeme, kodwa Latakia Assad sibhekene kuwukubonakaliswa ubutha zenkolo Sunnis. Hafez Assad khona umfundi omuhle kakhulu, uye wayethola izindondo eziningana impumelelo academic e engu-eminyakeni engaba ngu-14.

Kumiswa ukubukwa zezombusazwe

Asad wahlala abampofu ingxenye ogxile Alawite Latakia. Ukuze angena isimo linqoba emhlabeni, kwakumelwe akhethe ukuba basekele iqembu elithize lezombusazwe ukuthi ngokuvamile wamukela Alawites. Lezi zombili izinhlangothi iCommunist yaseSiriya Party, umSiriya yezenhlalakahle party ubuzwe (SSNP) kanye party Arab "Baath". Assad bajoyine yokugcina ngo-1946, nakuba abanye babangane bakhe ingeyamakhosi SSNP. Party "uBaas" ( "Revival") bahlanganiswe umqondo zokwakha umbuso esihlanganisiwe Arab nge imibono yabantu sezenhlalo.

Qala imisebenzi kuleli qembu "uBaas"

Assad ubekhona kule party, umhleli lamaseli umfundi, "uBaas" futhi uvukela umbono we Baathists e kwezakhi abampofu Latakia futhi emaphandleni aseduze Alawi. Wamelana nokuba abazalwane Muslim, ababekwa kusekelwa abacebile imikhaya olandelanayo Muslim. Esikoleni sakhe okusezingeni eliphezulu safunda zivela kokubili izingxenye likapondo nabadla imbuya ngothi emphakathini. Hafez Asad kungokwemvelo ngaye ukuze ujoyine abampofu, kuya Sunni Muslim Youth beqembu "uBaas", okuphikisana ngamalungu Muslim Brotherhood. Ngaleso sikhathi abantu abaningi abasebasha Sunnis abantu baye baba abangane bakhe. Ezinye zazo uyoba kamuva nomfelandawonye wayo wezepolitiki.

Ngesikhathi ngisemncane kakhulu, Assad isibe impela kulo iqembu okukwazi ukuhlela nokuba recruiter, wayeyinhloko wekomidi labafundi esikoleni sakhe Baath kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1950. Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe zezombusazwe esikoleni, wahlangana nabantu abaningi abamkhonzayo, lapho eba ngumongameli.

umsebenzi wezempi

Ngo-1950, Hafez Asad eshiya isikole. Yena amaphupho engudokotela, kodwa indodana lwesishiyagalolunye umndeni akuyona imali ukufunda. Ngaso nje lesi sikhathi, Republic abasha yaseSiriya waqala ukwakha siqu amabutho azo ehlomile, isazi sezombangazwe abasha wanikelwa ukuya esikoleni sobusosha emzini Homs. Wavuma, kodwa ngokushesha idluliselwe isikole indiza e Aleppo, okuyinto wathola iziqu ngo-1955, wathola isikhundla sokuqala uLieutenant umSiriya Air Force. Ngu kulo nyaka, osebenza ku umshado wakhe Mahluf Anicet owaba umngane wakhe kuphela zokuphila.

Phakathi obumbi Suez, Assad uza eGibhithe njengengxenye iqembu pilot lempi ekusekeleni uMongameli Nasser lapho ephikisana yayo nge-United Kingdom nase-United States. Ngo-1957, it is wathumela e-USSR isikhathi inqubo IZINYANGA ezingu-MIG-17 zijike ngokushesha.

Ngo-1958, ngaphansi kwethonya ubuzwe pan-Arabists kwamiswa njengengxenye United Arab Republic of Syria naseGibhithe ngaphansi kobuholi Gamal Abdel Nasser. Assad babemelene ukuhlanganyela, ngoba kubhekwa ukuthi izithakazelo eSyria e lephule phezu. Nokho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi Baathists zisusiwe kusukela inkonzo yomphakathi kule nkathi, Assad wasala impi yaqhubeka yenza i-career.

Ngemva uchungechunge amasu okugumbuqela imibuso lempi lokuqala ziyoncibilika umbimbi eSyria neGibhithe ngo-1961, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ukuvukela uMbuso Mashi 8, 1963. Ngokusho imiphumela party "uBaas" wawubumba uhulumeni, ukuqala ukuguqulwa sezenhlalo, futhi uCaptain al-Assad, obelokhu ngokuzimisela lezo zenzakalo, ngokushesha baya kuphromoshini.

Wakhushulelwa ezinkulu bese sombutho wezempi, futhi ekupheleni 1963 eyayiholwa umSiriya Air Force. Ekupheleni kuka-1964 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile induna Lasemoyeni elisezingeni uMajor General. Assad wanikeza amalungelo Air Force isikhulu, esimisiwe ummeleli yayo zonke izikhala ezibalulekile futhi udale ngempumelelo inkonzo intelligence Air Force, okuyinto uzibuse kusukela nezinye izinhlaka intelligence eSiriya. Yena okuhleliwe kulungiselelwa, ngaphandle endaweni ethile ye-Air Force. Assad ilungiselela ngokwakhe, ukuba kube umzabalazo asebenzayo amandla.

Ummango beya likaMengameli

Ngo-1966, ngemva umbuso wezempi, okuyinto engazange benza izinguquko eziningi inkambo okufanele yezwe, waqokwa uNgqongqoshe omusha Wezokuvikela yaseSiriya, okuyinto eyaba Hafez Assad. Ngemva kokunqotshwa e Six neMpi Day ngo-1967 no-Israyeli, uhulumeni yaseSiriya iye esikhonkwaneni. Ngenkathi de empeleni waba umbusi yase-Aramu yayiphethwe Salah Jadid, owayeneminyaka ngokusemthethweni a yiPhini uNobhala Jikelele we-party "Baath".

Ngo ukunxanela kwakhe amandla Assad wokuqala owenziwe ngo-1968 ukuthatha umhlalaphansi elawulwa Jadida uNdunankulu Yusuf al-Zuayina, futhi ngo-1970 wagudluzwa futhi yena Jadida, owaboshwa futhi wasala etilongweni kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1993.

Ngo-1970, i-uNdunankulu omusha wama-Aram - Hafez Asad, futhi kusukela ngo-1971 futhi umongameli (bakhe kabusha ukhetho owawuse ngo-1978, 1985 nango-1991). Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, waqhubeka inqubomgomo odlule rapprochement ne-USSR futhi le ngxabano US no-Israyeli. Kodwa kule Yom Kippur War ngo-1973, Syria wakwazi ukuthola i-nje ingxenye encane Golan Heights, elalihlala Israyeli kusukela 1967.

Hafez Assad - UMengameli

Insika eyinhloko amandla ayo yibutho kanye namasevisi biko. Yena wazama ukuguqula izwe kanye nokuqinisa amandla alo ezempi. Nokho, imizamo kwakhe kwaholela ekubeni abonane nomqashi nge iningi amazwe Arab esifundeni futhi ukungavunyelwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Kodwa ngenkathi Assad wanika kutepolitiki yaseSiriya okokuqala kusukela uzibuse. Uma uhulumeni Assad e Lebanon empeleni ukubusa yaseSiriya yasungulwa ngo 1976, okuyinto wayeka empini lwentando futhi lihlaselwa Israyeli. Islamists nabafowethu Muslim bemphikisa ngonya kuya Assad umbuso, kodwa bevinjelwa 1982 ngesikhathi kubhikisha zabo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukubhuqwa ku Hama.

Ezweni kwakukhona cult evelele zobuntu umengameli, efakiwe eziqoshiwe yayo zethusi segcekeni ephakathi ye emadolobheni amakhulu kuleli lizwe. Amaphosta nesithombe sakhe wawuhlotshiswe mbumbulu zezakhiwo.

Esikhathini sokuqala Gulf War phakathi Iraq ne-Iran ka 1980-1988. amsekela Iran ku Persian Gulf War kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-1991, wathatha ingxenye in the anti-Iraq womanyano. Ngo-1990, Assad waphendukela West uthi olandelanayo Arabia lula izinkulumo ukuthula no-Israyeli, nokho, lapho, kuhlulekile.

Umkhaya kanye ngokulandelana

Ngo Hafez futhi Anisy Asadov sinezingane ezinhlanu, amadodana amane nendodakazi. Isiphetho amadodana amathathu sasidabukisa: Kushone ababili babo babehamba nengxenye yesithathu yakhutshazwa empini yombango. Ngesikhathi impi efanayo, wabulawa nomyeni wakhe Asad indodakazi.

Okuwukuphela kwabantu abasinda lapho inzalo yakhe eqondile, - indodana yesibili, Bashar al-Assad. Njengendodana endala eyamlandela Bassel washona ngo-1994 ngesikhathi ebandakanyeka engozini yemoto, wabe esikhundleni sikayise njengoba umongameli we-Aramu. Ukuze Bashar al-Assad oneminyaka engu-34 ubudala ungase uqale lokhu okuthunyelwe ngo-2000, umthetho-sisekelo iye ngqo Ushintshe ukuze yobudala enqunyiwe umongameli kwehle kusuka eminyakeni engu-40 kuya 34.