Utshani okuphakelayo: rue, clover, alfalfa, i-clover bembuzi amnandi. izakhiwo awusizo, ukutshalwa

aklaba Lonyaka noma zisetshenziswa utshani - izitshalo ezibalulekile etshalwa kokudla kwezilwane. Elinesimo isivuno esihle, umsoco futhi babe indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene ekuqiniseni base ifolishi. Khulisa kubo ku aklaba oluhlaza, silage, haylage, notshani, nenhlanga, utshani sakusihlwa kanye namadlelo isiko.

Utshani aklaba - ukudla okubalulekile ngoba iqukethe amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, fibre, kanye amavithamini ahlukahlukene namaminerali kubalulekile kute kukhule evamile nokukhula kwezilwane. Inani layo kwezomnotho incike umsoco, ukukhiqiza, palatability yezinkomo, kanye yokudlanga ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Izinhlobo aklaba utshani

Ezweni lethu kutshalwa ezingaphezu kuka-80 zama-lokhu isiko, futhi kukhona amazwe zemvelo mayelana 5,000.

Zonke utshani nefolishi zihlukaniswe amaqembu 4:

• ubhontshisi;
• okusanhlamvu;
• sedge;
• forbs.

Ukuze isikhathi empilweni utshani nefolishi kungaba unyaka kanye Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi.

Umndeni okusanhlamvu

Bean aklaba utshani aklaba amazwe ezweni lethu itholakala encane nje, kodwa likwazi kahle okusezingeni eliphezulu okuphakelayo izakhiwo: isiko ocebile amaprotheni futhi kakhulu sidliwe yizilwane. I obanzi kunayo clover (obomvu, omhlophe, pink), Lotus corniculatus, alfalfa, ophuzi, edlelweni, njll isikhundla.

Umndeni utshani

Leli qembu okujwayelekile cishe zonke izindawo (ngaphandle ezingwadule) futhi inikeza iningi isivuno zedlelo aklaba noma hay (ngokuvamile kuze kube 80-90%). okusanhlamvu amaningi anesimiso isithunzi okusezingeni eliphezulu esikebheni, ikakhulukazi abasha isimo sabo. Phakathi senouborki ngesikhathi iphele la makhambi walondoloza kahle amahlamvu, okuyizinto izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu. I okusanhlamvu obanzi kunayo ezifana uphaphe, quackgrass, Ostrets et al.

Sedge utshani nefolishi

Ukuze leli qembu amakhambi zihlanganisa nezitshalo imikhaya Cyperaceae futhi Juncaceae. Lezi amasiko abhekwa ezinenani elincane kule plan feed, kunalokho kabi sidliwe yizilwane, kodwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ye-zone ihlathi ngokuvamile ezakha ngobuningi hay (amanzi sedge, Carex mncane, kanti abanye). Futhi ogwadule futhi ephuma kabili desert, sedge eziningi eziyigugu aklaba isitshalo.

utshani Motley

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa zonke ezinye nomndeni Botanical isitshalo. Utshani - edlelweni utshani aklaba, okuyinto kwesinye isikhathi kuze 60-70% azo ukuma. Ingxenye esemqoka kubo kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Izitshalo yaleli qembu inomsoco ngaphezu kwe-okusanhlamvu, kodwa iningi labo ingasaphathwa kudliwa yizilwane ngenxa okumunyu ukunambitheka, thorniness, pubescence nabanye. Okuqukethwe Small utshani (cuff, dandelion, ikhumini, njll) in ukuma (20%) - efiselekayo ukusebenzisa ngoba ukwakheka amaminerali kuthuthukisa palatability sondle izinkomo zakhe.

Inani elikhulu amakhambi ukuthi iqembu ukusetshenziswa herbage hay kuyinto engathandeki kakhulu, ngoba:

• ke displaces le imidumba ligugu nokusanhlamvu;
• phakathi utshani sithole okuningi ukhula (bindweed field, namakhakhasi ophuzi kanye nabanye.) futhi ezinobuthi (Buttercup ezinesihlungu, hellebore, mlando Aconite ezinobuthi kanye nabanye.) izitshalo.

Okuphakelayo utshani yonyaka

I engavamile of aklaba yonyaka utshani ukuthi umjikelezo yabo ukuthuthukiswa usuphothuliwe ungakapheli nonyaka, futhi ziyafa. Hlwanyela ngoba zasemazweni ku yokudla, silage, kanye ukunikeza feed kanzulu. utshani Lonyaka ukunikeza ezithela eliphezulu mass oluhlaza, babe okusezingeni eliphezulu a umsoco, abe yokukhula iDemo.

Ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo ugunda ripeness kwenzeka cishe 50-60 izinsuku, lezi amasiko nalolo izitshalo Lesisemkhatsini, ezimbalwa umatasa.

utshani Lonyaka zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• ubhontshisi;
• bluegrass (okusanhlamvu).

Lonyaka imidumba aklaba izitshalo ezihlwanyelwe kwentwasahlobo. I eyigugu kakhulu izitshalo - spring vetch ebusika, isikhundla, ifolishi lupin, ornithopus.

Cereal utshani maningi unyaka ukushisa-onothando, basuke itshalwe emhlabathini kahle evuthayo ngoba ukuhlwanyelwa ekuseni entwasahlobo izitshalo. I eyigugu kakhulu yilezi: Sudan utshani, ukwethuka, amabele, ryegrass yonyaka, unyaluthi laseSiberia, pearl amabele kanye nabanye.

aklaba zisetshenziswa utshani

Zisetshenziswa aklaba utshani - ayihlwanyelayo izitshalo herbaceous, isilinganiso sobude bokuphila zazo ngaphezu konyaka owodwa. Etshalwa kokudla kwezilwane.

Isiko kuhlanganisa ezingaphezu kuka-50 izinhlobo zezitshalo. Basuke kutshalwe ngokuvamile ngesimo utshani Izingxube, okuyinto kunomphumela omuhle izinga aklaba nomhlabathi okuzala. Ukutshala izilimo njengoba okumsulwa nokudala emadlelweni kutshalwa kuyinto kwezitshalo.

Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, utshani zisetshenziswa bayatfutfuka ngempela kancane, igcwele ukhula futhi ingase iveze ezithela aphansi. Ngakho-ke, basuke Kunconywa emva ayihlwanyelayo okusanhlamvu noma umugqa izitshalo umquba composted noma inhlabathi.

utshani zisetshenziswa nefolishi zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Poa (utshani). Okuvame kakhulu: uThimothewu, brome, ryegrass zisetshenziswa, ukolo utshani, ryegrass ubude, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass mnogoukosny, wheatgrass emide emincane, yezithelo utshani, bentgrass ezimhlophe, futhi fescue obomvu, foxtail nabanye.
• Izitshalo: alfalfa, i-clover esimhlophe, clover obomvu, clover pink, sainfoin, Lotus corniculatus.

Ukudala elikhiqizayo kakhulu utshani isidingo ukuhambisana ayimpoqo kanye nemikhuba main wezolimo kulinywe isiko.

rue bembuzi

Kozljatnika siphathelene imbiza zisetshenziswa bomkhaya okusanhlamvu. Isiqu uqonde branched, ngokuvamile ke ifinyelela ukuphakama 1 m, nenhlabathi evundile uyakwazi akhule 1.5 m. Uhlelo impande has uhlobo induku, germinates futhi 80 cm ukujula. On impande oyinhloko inani inzalo kukhiqizwa. Okokuqala, ziba nendawo cm 30 bese ziqhume bese yakha entsha sifanamsindvo.

Ihamba imparipinnate kwakubangelwa izitshalo, ngamasentimitha angu-30.

rue bembuzi - aklaba utshani nge violet okhanyayo noma izimbali blue ukuthi ibukeke izinsimbi, okuyinto lubuthwe inflorescence-umshanelo. On stem ngalinye zingase zimiswe khona ka 3-5 izicucu. Fruiting kwenzeka ngo-September nango-October. Ubhontshisi usayizi ezincane (2-4 cm ubude), olintshi omnyama, cishe ensundu, 3-7 e imbewu izithelo. rue bembuzi has a ukukhula kunalokho kancane, futhi uma akusiyo kuze ekwindla ikhula 20 cm ubude, ukuthi kwande ukuthi kube workpiece idluliswe onyakeni olandelayo.

Imbewu bayakwazi ukulondoloza izinga ukuhluma kuze iminyaka 8.

rue bembuzi kuyinto izitshalo ngempela frost ukumelana ukuthi angakwazi ukubekezelela kahle ngisho ebusika nokhahlo kakhulu.

2 zinhlobo eyaziwa zalesi sitshalo Oriental rue bembuzi (imbiza ifolishi) namakhambi okwelapha.

ryegrass yonyaka

eyigugu kakhulu aklaba isitshalo, enika ezinhle ifolishi eluhlaza kanye hay. Ungqimba oluhlaza iqukethe 3.2% amaprotheni, 2.3% amaprotheni, 8% wezokudla fibre. ngokulangazela yakhe kudliwa kwezinkomo, ngaphezu, kuba yokudla esihle izinyoni zasekhaya. ryegrass Lonyaka hay hay kunomsoco hhayi kuthathelwe ukwethuka, Sudan utshani nezinye izitshalo wokudla. Izilwane zidla kahle notshani. ezithela Lonyaka hay - mayelana 7-8 t / ha uyaca oluhlaza - ukuze 20-30 t / ha, imbewu - 0.5-0.6 t / ha.

ryegrass Lonyaka has otavnost okusezingeni eliphezulu, phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokulima unika 2-3 kokusika. Ngemva ugunda wesibili sikhule nemiphumela ingasetshenziswa njengendlela nedlelo aklaba kuze ukuwa sekwephuzile, njengoba liyakuthethelela ezincane ukuwa yesithwathwa.

melilot

Lokhu imidumba linesizotha yonyaka noma biennial, ikhono likhule ku kulabo ababempofu kakhulu, sandy, Stony nobumba nenhlabathi, kanye kulezo zindawo lapho kungekho wangaphezulu. clover isitshalo akesabi nosawoti kanye nenhlabathi ane-alikhali, kodwa akakubekezeleli amaxhaphozi esidi umhlaba esindayo ngakanye, nge yokusondelana etafuleni amanzi. Uhlelo impande luqinile futhi athuthukiswe kahle, ngakho-ke lokhu imbiza anganikeza isivuno esihle ezindaweni ezinesomiso lapho ezinye izitshalo aklaba ushise. Lapho izinto eziningi ezanele sokuvuna imvula uyaca oluhlaza ongafinyelela izimpahla ezingamathani angu-8.7 / ha.

clover isitshalo isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukudla kodwa futhi ngoba umquba oluhlaza ngempumelelo.

Imbewu ziqhume ezingeni lokushisa kusuka 2 kuya ku-50 ° C, amahlumela zingamelana okokuqandisa -6 ...- 5 ° C, futhi abandayo ukumelana zisetshenziswa ezinye izinhlobo ngenyanga akesabi 40 ° C.

Sweet clover kuyinto eyigugu kakhulu wamaprotheni amaningi ifolishi isitshalo, engesiyo kunomsoco phansi kunabaphostoli clover, alfalfa kanye sainfoin. It ngokuvamile itholakala ezimfundeni, ezivulekile, zibe seduze kwemigwaqo.

Kuyinto nesomiso nemithi, abandayo ukumelana futhi amelana izifo isitshalo kanye izinambuzane efanelekayo zasemazweni, silage kanye hay. Zingatshalwa kokubili Izingxube, kanye bebodwa.

clover esimhlophe

Ekhula kahle sandy, loamy wavuma nenhlabathi azibukhali noma hlangothi. Ngonyaka wokuqala utshani (clover) uyakwazi imbali akhiqize imbewu. Ngonyaka wokuphila wesibili iza nentuthuko egcwele. Sikwazi ukukhula endaweni eyodwa kuze iminyaka 9-10.

Utshani (clover), umswakama kanye ilanga abathanda, isithwathwa ukumelana. Kungcono ngokuvamile utshalwa ezindaweni nge usemanzi obandayo, lapho kungekho khona isomiso.

Ukuhlwanyela clover esimhlophe kuyinto aklaba izitshalo kakhulu aqukethe amaningi. Izinkomo Pritaptyvanie lapho ukwaluka akusho zivimbela isitshalo, kunalokho, kunikeza wanabalalisela kangcono. Ukutshala imidumba esithuthukisa inhlabathi lokuzala. ukufakwa yayo ukwakheka nge uThimothewu utshani Izingxube, ryegrass nezinye izitshalo kuthuthukisa okuphakelayo izinga nedlelo utshani - kunyuke ngoba aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi, i-phosphorus, amafutha, calcium, potassium, futhi kunciphisa fibre. Isivuno mass aluhlaza nezimfunda - mayelana 60-120 kg / ha, hay mayelana 18-35 kg / ha, imbewu 3.0-5.0 t / ha.

alfalfa

Lena zisetshenziswa utshani aklaba imidumba. Kwasetshenziswa kokubili njengoba ifolishi green, futhi ukuthola izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu hay. imbewu alfalfa nazo esetshenziselwa ukwenza umuthi. Isiko kuthuthukisa isimo somhlabathi, kanye inhlabathi nitrogen-ahlanganiswe, ukubhubhisa ukhula. Libhekene ukumelana nesomiso kanye hardiness ebusika. Ngo herbage angase ubambe kuze kube iminyaka engu-10 noma ngaphezulu. Ngemva ugunda sikhula kancane kancane.

Lesi simila uncamela ukondla mhlabathi omnyama, ihlathi-asemaqeleni loam, Peat kanye nenhlabathi ensundu grey nezinye inhlabathi lime-ocebile. Alfalfa ikhula ingaphumeleli amanzi futhi ezisindayo ubumba nenhlabathi.

Lesi simila eqhukethe amavithamini kanye amaprotheni. It is kahle kugaywe ezidla uhlaza. imbewu alfalfa kutshalwe kokubili ifomu okumsulwa futhi admixture.