Umqondo nezimiso nomthetho Russian

izimiso zomthetho ukwenza njenge imithombo normative kumasistimu eziningi zomthetho. Khona-ke abakhululiwe ezivamile amalungiselelo nokulingana, ukucabangela, ngokwethembeka okuhle, ubulungiswa. Uyawubhidliza kubo ukuze alo ngokoMthethosisekelo kanye Russian Federation. права, в свою очередь, выступают в качестве общепринятых положений, обязательных для соблюдения всеми странами. Izimiso umthetho international, nazo eziba izikhundla zokuba ezivamile, kubopha wonke amazwe.

inkinga ukuhlanganisa

закреплены на законодательном уровне. Njengoba izimbangela kunomthetho Russian livikeleke ezingeni zomthetho. Esimweni esinjalo banayo value standard. Kule ndaba, kukhona inkinga nge isilinganiso izenzo kanye nezimiso emithonjeni labo elisemthethweni. Kubonakala futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ukubuyekezwa amalungiselelo lapho wonke imodeli umthetho kusekelwe, wenziwa izincwadi kuyadida kakhulu. Akukho ubunye umbono futhi abasohlwini lwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho mqondo esicacile kubo. одними экспертами воспринимаются как нечто высшее, стоящее над институтом норм. Izimiso umthetho Russian kochwepheshe waqonda njengoba into ephakeme, imi kwezinkambiso sikhungo. Nabanye abalobi baphawula ngalokho conditionality okuqukethwe izenzo. выработаны практикой нормативного регулирования отношений в обществе. Bona ukugcizelela ukuthi izimiso eyisisekelo Russian umthetho umkhuba ubudlelwane zokulawula in the umphakathi athuthukile. Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa kanye nezinkinga ziphathwa subjectively kakhulu.

isimo Oku-mbuso ka uhlelo

Ngaphambi izinguquko 1864 inkantolo, u- ku umthetho ukusitheka noma akuphelele, kwakufanele adlulisele izinto ephakeme icala enkantolo. Ngenxa yalokho sokungezwani basukile umzimba eyodwa kuya kwenye, kukhona i-tape, isikhathi ukungqubuzana akazange ongalungisa uMkhandlu Wombuso. Waveza umbono wakhe siqu futhi walinika inkosi imvume. Thina abuqede iziqondiso zomthetho yamukelwa u-Alexander II. Kulezi zimo ke wayalwa ukuba limise ekuqhutshweni ngenxa kuwukuphikisana noma incompleteness imithetho futhi ukuzixazulula ngokuhambisana kube nekucondza ngalokufanako yonke imithetho.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet

Eminyakeni zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa wabusa uzkonormativnaya incazelo kwalo mthetho. не имели статуса базовых в формальном смысле. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izimiso komthetho civil Russian azange abe isimo base ngomqondo esisemthethweni. Nokho, yaphawula ukubaluleka kwabo ekwembuleni ubunjalo imithetho, ezisisekelo sazo ngemibono nokunye. Izimiso eziyisisekelo umthetho Russian futhi baqonde okushiwo izinhlinzeko zomthetho kuthathwe njengesisekelo yokuxazulula ukungezwani by Isifaniso. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lezi amafomula etholakala incazelo bahluke kunokuba wawenza kwamanye amazwe Romano-zamaJalimane imodeli umthetho. необходимо было искать в самих нормах, а не в "абстрактной идее". Phela, lokho okushiwo umthetho kanye nemigomo yemtsetfo Russian kwakudingekile ukuba uyibheke imithetho ngokwabo, kunokuba "elufifi". Nokho, imfundiso saziwa ngokuphelele ukuthi la malungiselelo eziyisisekelo eqele ngalé ezingeni elivamile. Ukuhlukana Kwakuqhutshwa izimiso ezifanele komthetho kanye nezimiso zomthetho.

Isimo namuhla

Yayikhona eSoviet inkathi indlela kwaqhubeka izincwadi esetshenziswa namuhla. Ikakhulukazi, ebhukwinitifundvo kusukela 2003, eshicilelwe ngaphansi editorship uSolwazi. Treushnikova esigabeni phezu yemithetho zenqubo ukhombise lokhu okulandelayo. при осуществлении правосудия, ВС осуществляет толкование сути этих положений. Uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa esifanisweni esisenze yomthetho, okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa n izimiso komthetho Russian e ubulungisa, ilanga inikeza incazelo we okushiwo la malungiselelo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abe nemibono ephakeme ebekwe iziqondiso. Ngakho-ke, ilanga unikeza ukuhumusha izenzo zomthetho.

Ngokusho abameli

, многие эксперты исходят из того, что существующая в передовых станах трактовка приемлема и для РФ. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ekucabangeleni uhlelo Russian of izimiso komthetho, ochwepheshe abaningi zivela yokuthi Mills ekhona ekwelapheni eziphambili zamukelekile phakathi Russian Federation. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amalungiselelo kungukuthi njalo eshiwo ngokucacile, ngokuya kabusha futhi imfundiso ethile ukusalela izidingo yokuxhumana nabantu, bayakwethemba engase isetshenziswe njengengcina izinsimbi ukulungiswa yayo. смогли бы обеспечить подчинение доктрины велениям справедливости. Ngakho, izimiso komthetho we-civil Russian wayengenza ukuzithoba ngobulukhuni imfundiso nokungakhethi. umbono abathandwayo eveza Vedyahin. Ikhombisa ukuthi, nakuba beqaphela ngcono jikelele ngendlela ababechaza ngayo izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene zomthetho ngezimo esiphila kuzo, kungashiwo wawuthi izimiso wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona umthombo obalulekile kunanamuhla. Bayobe ngamakhasimende umphakathi kumanani ezifana inkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungiswa. Kulesi senzakalo Martyshin uphawula ukuthi ndawonye imithetho ayabaluleka izimiso nakakhulu eyisisekelo umthetho. свойственна формализация положений. uhlelo Russian zomthetho libhekene semthethweni amalungiselelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Art. 15 h. 4 soMthethosisekelo sithi ngokuvamile abantu bayabona imithetho kanye nezivumelwano waphetha ngokukhumbuza WaseRussia namanye amazwe, kukhona ingxenye imfundiso kazwelonke. Lo mthetho ayavuma ukusebenzisa izimiso njengoba emthonjeni ozimele komthetho.

Umthelela kwembulunga yonke

Namuhla, izimiso komthetho ngokuvamile abantu bayabona imithombo kubhekwe emkhakheni umthethonqubo ubudlelwane emhlabeni. Lena ngokwezinga elikhulu ezaba nomthelela ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. It ihlanganiswa cishe zonke zithi, ukungena ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaleli iplanethi. Namuhla omunye sekunzima ukuthola isimo lapho lutho ngamalungelo esintu, ubulungiswa ngamazwe, inkululeko yeningi nokunye ezaziwayo. Kwembulunga Yonke kuhilela okwandisa obala we kwemingcele phakathi nokuthuthuka kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho, izakhiwo kazwelonke ahlukahlukene. Lokhu, kubangelwa isidingo sokunyathelisa ucishe ojwayelekile emakethe emhlabeni. Kule ndaba, izinhlelo zikazwelonke zomthetho internationalized bukhomba. Lokhu kunomthelela ubunye ezikhungweni ezithile ezingokomthetho, izimboni, futhi umthetho jikelele. Amazwe kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa acculturation, reception kanye convergence onobuhle ezahlukene ngokusebenzisa Standardization kwezinkambiso. Kutfutfukiswa izimiso yomthetho wezizwe eyenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Njengomthetho, ukulungiswa izincwadi ezibalulekile (izivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe, njalo njalo.) Ingabe uqondiswa onegunya kunabo izifundo theorists.

komthethosisekelo

Phakathi kwezici ngamazwe zomthetho ezinomthelela ukwakheka imfundiso owamukelwa Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kuyizinto kazwelonke esimisweni somthetho. Bona usulungise yeningi, izisekelo neyobuntu kanye nemithetho yabo elihambisana. umthetho yoMthethosisekelo kunomthelela ukuguqulwa zabo zibe izimboni ezithile. Ngokuvamile, izihlinzeko eliyisisekelo awashintsheki ku imithetho yamazwe eziphambili kakhulu. Kuphela emva kwesikhashana bese ngokuvamile lukhona usizo ngaphandle futhi ilungiswe namazinga kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona Ukungena ezakhayo mutual okuqhubekayo imibono, izikhungo, amathuluzi, izindlela kwamanikelela yomthetho womthethosisekelo ngamazwe kanye nemithetho imikhakha yamazwe ahlukene. Kule nqubo, ngokucacile zonke ngaphezulu ngeke crystallize okwesikhathi enhle emhlabeni jikelele. Namuhla, ososayensi abaningi baqaphele isimo convergence ezomthetho kazwelonke. Lo is indicative of ukusheshisa kudalwa imodeli jikelele ngokomthetho.

Izici

Okwamanje, international, isimiso somthetho ngokuvamile kwachazwa ngokuthi isikhungo ezikhethekile, ehlanganisa izimiso kanye nemithetho elawula ubudlelwano phakathi izifundo. Izihlinzeko zazo letakha sisekelo yilezo abaqashelwa emazweni amaningi, kukhona esithinta umhlaba wonke futhi spectrum sasivumela ebanzi senzo. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa izimiso koMqulu European we-1961, yabukezwa ngo 1996. amaqembu at basayine idokhumenti njengenkondlo ebonisa umgomo inqubomgomo yayo ukufeza imibandela yemithetho ethile angase titfulwa ngaphansi kwazo.

nezindaba nezokusigcoba

ukunwetshwa njalo isicelo we kwezinkambiso nemigomo yemtsetfo ngamazwe izenzo njengenhlangano umthetho mgomo kwenchubekelembili impucuko. Kule ndaba, namuhla, kanye nobudlelwane bendabuko angaphandle ezomnotho nezombusazwe, izinkinga kwezikhali futhi ulondoloze ukuthula emhlabeni futhi saxoxa ezinye izinto. On wonke, akha lo mkhuba "Ukuze ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke" eshiwo ngenhla. Zibhekwa nezindaba ezifanele kakhulu ezihlobene ezindaweni lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, isethi kuhlanganiswe izidingo ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, zezulu nezingokomoya. Phakathi kwabo, ikakhulukazi, angabizwa ngokuthi lo jikelele we isimiso sezomnotho, ekwakhekeni imodeli izwe emakethe, ukwanda isibalo ezinkampanini zamazwe, Ukuvikelwa ngemvelo, wokulwa nobuphekula nokunye. Endaweni ehlukile, kumelwe kushiwo ngesidingo indlela lokulawula zokwahlulela nezinye nokuvikelwa inkululeko namalungelo abantu. Kusobala ukuthi lezi zinkinga kumele ixazululwe nokusetshenziswa kwezinkambiso emhlabeni neyaziwayo futhi ngabo - ngosizo umthetho yasekhaya. Lokhu futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokukhulumisana kakhudlwana imfundiso zezwe futhi ukwandisa ithonya lawo on ukuthuthukisa izimiso emthethweni Russian.

ngokoqobo

Nge-yalolucwaningo 50. kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izimiso komthetho emazweni Western Europe ibunjwa izinqubo ukuhlanganiswa ezenzekayo ngaphakathi EU. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-umkhuba ECtHR manje eside ekhethekile. Wayelethwa washayelwa ngesikhathi ukusebenza inhlangano YaseYurophu steel namalahle. Umqondo "imigomo ejwayelekile umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya ilungelo baMalunga eMibuso" waba livikeleke iSivumelwano liqine zomphakathi. Ngokuhambisana Art. 215 (2), icala-non-nezivumelwano EU ivala isikhala umonakalo odalwe izikhungo zayo noma izinceku ngokuhamba ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yabo, ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko ezithile ukuze imithetho yase-United Amaphathi. Lomgomo kubhekwa njengengxenye esemqoka ye-European Community isimiso somthetho. Ukwephula amalungiselelo kuyinto izizathu zokwesula EU wenza umyalelo zokwahlulela. Imisebenzi we-ECHR, yona, sisekelwe eenkambisweni emhlabeni ayibonwa. enkulu indima la malungiselelo kubangelwa uxhumano yabo ngqo nenkululeko yomuntu. Ngokombono ECtHR eziboniswe ezinye zezinqumo, njengoba kumiswa izimiso imithombo emasikweni ngokomthethosisekelo States iLungu Community, seSivumelwano Samazwe AseYurophu, kanye nezinye iziqondiso ebaluleke umhlaba.

axioms

. Bavame ukwenza njenge imigomo ejwayelekile yomthetho Russian. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, lwathola ukuthi kabili zibophe kwelinye icala ayikwazi, impikiswano isinqumo kufanele akulimazi besithathu. как, например, равенство всех перед законом, одинаковый доступ к судопроизводству также считаются аксиомами. Izimiso ezinjalo umthetho isiRashiya, ezifana nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho, ukufinyelela okulinganayo ekuqhutshweni zokwahlulela Uphinde abhekwe ukuba axioms. Ngokulinganayo, futhi ukubaluleka base kuyinto isikhundla nokungakhethi kwecala. Kuthiwa isifundo ziqondiso esetshenziswa emhlabeni, ebonisa ukuthi phakathi izimiso eziqavile kanye axioms, umahluko ngokuvamile aluboniswa.

nezindaba inkani

Uhlaziyo kwembula incazelo ezahlukene nomqondo izimiso emhlabeni neyaziwayo yomthetho wezizwe e-oyisazi amaSoviet nasemakamu Western. E-West, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje amalungiselelo lokuqala eziyisisekelo umthetho kazwelonke, beqonda emhlabeni. Ngo-USSR, lo mqondo ihlanganisa izimiso olwalutholakala umthetho sezenhlalo kanye nokuphatha impahla ngobunxiwankulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhekeni isisekelo obunokuthula co-khona izakhiwo zomphakathi, kungqubuzane. Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu Plenum boPhezukonke №5 kusuka 10 Okthoba. 2003 incazelo imithetho izinkantolo yomthetho jikelele kwezinkambiso kanye nemigomo yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kanye nezivumelwano phakathi Russian Federation nakwamanye amazwe, kwatholakala ukuthi, ngaphansi kokuhlinzekwa olwamukelwa kuqondwe postulates kuphoqelekile yamukelwa omhlaba, okungabanga bikho kuso derogation kuvunyelwe. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, phakathi amalungiselelo mayelana nenhlonipho nenkululeko yomuntu, ekugcwalisekeni elalelayo nezibopho ezibekwe kule izivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni. Ngokuvamile wamukela kuyinsakavukela lichazwa ngokuthi umthetho ekuziphatheni. It is zamukelwa futhi wonke umphakathi wezwe futhi kuvikelwe semthethweni. Nokho, njengoba ochwepheshe uqaphele, lezi ukwakhiwa ungavumeli ukuhlukanisa imithetho kanye nezimiso.

isiphetho

Esikhathini imfundiso yasekhaya sokukhishwa incazelo nomqondo amalungiselelo emhlabeni neyaziwayo okwamanje evulekile. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, nezimiso eziyisisekelo umthetho Russian ezibhekwa izigaba esitebeleni ngokomthetho livikeleke imithetho ehlukahlukene neziqondiso. Zisetshenziswa Amasimu ezingokomthetho ezihlukile. Izimiso obanzi kunayo komthetho Russian wathola ekuqhubeni. Umthetho ubeka ukuthi isinqumo secala kumelwe babe abacabangelayo, semthethweni, fair. Abalingisi abelwe amalungelo alinganayo, yemfanelo bear. Izimiso komthetho ifomu jikelele kakhulu, uzwakalise kuMthethosisekelo. Ngokusho kwakhe, izihlinzeko ayisisekelo kumele bucaciswe ngo amakhodi zamanje. Izimiso amalungelo kazwelonke yisisekelo zezinqubo alawule nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kuyo yonke imikhakha.