Air ukuzivikela Ukraine. Umoya ukuvikela Armed Forces of Ukraine

Ngesikhathi wokugoqa zase-USSR, amabutho Ukraine olunezinombolo Fike pi emoyeni ukuzivikela (8 olulodwa) namabutho ezine komoya, okufaka inabasebenzi yakamuva ngesikhathi isimiso sokuzivikela "S-300" fighter "Su-27" futhi "MIG-29". Nokho, emfushane isikhathi zomlando, iningi izikhali ithengiswe, ilahlwe noma iphelelwe Whack. Eqaphela ukubaluleka kokuba amabutho anekhono, uhulumeni wathatha eziningi izinqumo ukuze uqinise amasosha, ikakhulukazi sesimanje izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ngo-1992, 8 Ibutho ahlukene lalinabashumayeli izimbobo ezinkulu eziyisithupha:

• 1st Air Defence Division (dPVO), eCrimea.
• 9th dPVO, Poltava sifunda.
• 11 dPVO, empumalanga yezwe.
• 19 dPVO embozwe Kiev.
• 21th dPVO, Odessa sifunda.
• 28 Air Defence Corps, entshonalanga ye-Ukraine.

Radio ubunjiniyela ithimba okusekelwe e Kharkiv, Lviv, Sevastopol, Odessa futhi Vasilkov. Ngo-1992, amabutho emoyeni ukuzivikela lalinabashumayeli 132 anti-aircraft missile Battalion zimunye 18 regiments futhi brigades. Zezakhi seziqedile futhi abahlakazekile ukuze thembeke amboze izikhungo ezinkulu ezimbonini, ngayodwana.

isimo samanje

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi evikela Ukraine 20 uyaqhubeka ukuba ithonya zingenakunqobeka, kodwa ngenxa inani elikhulu izikhali akusebenzi ikhono ukuzivikela kakhulu buthaka. Iziteshi Radar, osale eSoviet Union, namanje zikuvumela ukulawula wezasemoyeni. Nokho, ukuntuleka izingxenye ezisele kanye ukungqubuzana eningizimu-mpumalanga abathintekayo ukusebenza eziningana iziteshi ukuqapha. Ikakhulukazi, radar ezilimele Lugansk Avdeyevka, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala elahlekile iziteshi ukulawula YaseCrimea.

Ngu kowezi-2000 kanye izingalo isuswe enamandla kodwa ephelelwe yisikhathi missile izinhlelo "C-75" futhi "C-125". Ngo 2013 kwaba baphendukela "Unamekwe" SAM "S-200" ukulungiswa ezahlukene. Lesi sigaba sokugcina yahlakazeka SAM "S-200V" 540 th ibutho laseLviv.

Okukhathaza nakakhulu ukuntuleka ukuqeqeshwa of lempi amabutho emoyeni ukuzivikela Ukraine. Lokhu akulona ukuziphatha sokudubula esisebenzayo ngemva kwaleso senzakalo ababeke umgibeli izindiza ingozi ngo-2001. 10% kuphela abasebenzi abanamakhono sokudubula.

amathemba

Okwamanje, ukuzivikela emoyeni yezwe ayinakho anti-aircraft izinhlelo imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo. Ngokuya ngaleli qiniso, uhulumeni umise target ngo-2016 ukuze uqale sesimanje emikhulu air ukuzivikela, okuhlanganisa umoya ukuzivikela missile izinhlelo iziteshi radar.

Inkinga esiyinhloko ukuntuleka okukhulu kwezimali. Ukuthengwa yesimanje izikhali emoyeni ukuzivikela kuyoba eqolo kusukela abalingani Western. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezisusa zombusazwe amazwe musa ugijimele ukuthengisa ephezulu ukucacisa izikhali zebutho Ukraine. Okuphuma kungaba ukuthengwa ephansi-izindleko kodwa okuthembekile uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela (okubalwa kuzo umakhalekhukhwini) eRussia, kodwa ukungezwani phakathi omakhelwane ungavumeli lokhu.

Banikezwe ukusweleka izimali, udaba zokubuyiselwa kanye ngcono izinhlelo "C-200" nokubuya kwawo eyokwakha ukulwa komsebenzi. Nokho, ochwepheshe ezempi obusolisayo ezihlobana umqondo "reanimation" izikhali akusebenzi.

amakhambi emoyeni

Air ukuzivikela Ukraine has a ukuphathwa isakhiwo ecacile. Anti-aircraft missile amabutho namabutho umsakazo-technical banesibopho ukusebenza amasistimu radar kanye nomoya ukuzivikela missile uhlelo, ogama msebenzi ukuvikela wezasemoyeni wezwe. Letakhi angaphansi e-Air Force Ukraine.

Izingxenye ezisetshenziswa VOP missile missile izinhlelo "S-300PT" (NATO Ukwahlukanisa SA-10a ukukhononda), "S-300V1" (Gladiator SA-12a), " C-300PS" (SA-10b ukukhononda), " Buck" (uSa- 11 Getfly). Ngokusho data esuka emithonjeni yomphakathi, kwakukhona amayunithi 11 ngo-2010, "S-300PS" namayunithi 16 "S-300PT". isisetshenziswa kwakamuva empeleni athuthukile. Izazi zilinganisela ukuthi 8 kuphela ukwahlukana "S-300PS" futhi ithwale ku ukulwa komsebenzi.

Isimo eziyinkimbinkimbi nge ukuhlinzeka emoyeni isimiso sokuzivikela phansi lisho. Air ukuzivikela rocket izinhlelo "S-300" imodeli eside 5V55-of-ukuphila, futhi ezweni labo ukukhiqizwa is hhayi kusungulwa.

amathuluzi ukuthola

E-Ukraine kukhona izakhiwo phezu 200 eziphathelene emoyeni ukuzivikela, kanye 76 izindawo asizayo. 36 izikhundla asebenzayo futhi angasebenzi eyaziwa 106 ukuze imicibisholo anti-aircraft.

Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ekuseni imishini isixwayiso: izindebe 36;.
• radar ukufaka 36D6: 20;
• radar ukuthola 64N6: 9;
• ukuqeqeshwa ububanzi: 3.

Ukulingisa izikhundla SAM:

• systems "S-125": 2-isikhundla;
• "P-200": 5;
• "S-300PS": 12;
• "S-300PT": 16;
• "C-300V1": 1.

Akusebenzi (redundant) izikhundla SAM:

• Ukuze izinhlelo "S-75": 58 izikhundla;
• "2Q12" 1;
• "S-125": 16;
• "C-200": 11;
• "S-300P" 19.

izindlela Early isixwayiso

I sokuzivikela air Ukraine isungule uhlelo lwesixwayiso. Linikeza radars ahlukahlukene asezindaweni ezikahle kulo lonke izwe. isikhundla sabo, njengoba umthetho, aqukethe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinhlobo ekuseni radars isixwayiso, kanye eziphakeme ukuthola nokubonwa uhlelo.

Kukhona 28 asebenzayo ekuseni izikhundla isixwayiso nge 8 ezengeziwe (reserve), okuyinto zenzelwe inethiwekhi ukunwetshwa noma ukuthutha imali uma kuba nesidingo.

20 izikhundla 36D6 (Tin Isihlangu) radar kanye 8 izikhundla radar 64N6 (Big Bird) ipha ukuhlonza futhi impi ukuphathwa imisebenzi inethiwekhi emoyeni ukuzivikela kazwelonke. Amasosha ukunikeza phansi kanye nekhava emoyeni amasayithi zamasu. Radar 64N6 36D6 futhi wahlela ukuze uhlinzeke Ukusabalala eziphindaphindekayo. Lezi izinhlelo bayakwazi ukulawula cishe zonke isikhala emoyeni Ukraine, kanye ezindaweni eziningi Black futhi Azov iziLwandle.

SAM "S-200V"

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali emoyeni yesimiso sokuzivikela e-Ukraine kuhlanganisa uhla ezahlukene. Izakhiwo "C-200" iyona kunazo imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo (kufika ku-250 km) e Ukraine anti-aircraft missile amabutho. Kuze kube muva nje, amabhethri 5 ekhona "C-200" ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa isikhala uzibona cishe sonke isifunda esisempumalanga yezwe phakathi Kharkiv futhi Luhansk. The last 11 engenzi isikhundla "C-200" ukuhlala, nakuba kungenzeka ingasetshenziswa ukuze ihlanganise nezinsiza ukuhamba, njengokuthi "S-300PS." Ngokuqinisekile amacebo uhulumeni - ukubuyela oda izakhiwo athuthukisiwe ku eminyakeni 2016-18, ngenxa yokungabi bikho esikhundleni eside izakhiwo.

Ngokusemthethweni, eMnyango Wezokuvikela umangalele ukuthi ukusetshenziswa "S-200V" 250-ikhilomitha engaba, kodwa eba airliner Russian phezu oLwandle Olumnyama ezikhishwe ngokuyiphutha missile "S-200" ngo-Okthoba 2001, kungase kubonise ukuthi le ukusebenza isethi "P-200D" 300-ikhilomitha engaba.

SAM "S-300P"

Nakuba uhlelo "S-200" abe engaba enkulu isinyathelo, kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi VOP "P-300P" kuba eziningi kakhulu futhi onekhono. Izenzo kukhona uchungechunge 27 panel "S-300P" 16 amabhethri anemisila izinhlelo "S-300PT", futhi 12 - izinhlelo "S-300P".

Ukufakwa efakwe ukuze bavikele esishintshashintshayo ezibaluleke kakhulu sezombusazwe, sezempi nezezimboni yezwe. LaseDnepropetrovsk, Kiev, laseKharkov, Odessa ivikelwe engengaphansi kwengu-6 amabhethri ngamunye, Nikolaev (futhi phambilini obuwaziwa Sevastopol) - okungenani 5 panel. izakhiwo eziningana ukumboza Umda wenu wasentshonalanga.

ibhethri ifakwe ngokugcwele SAM "S-300PT" has iziqhumane 12, kuyilapho ibhethri ifakwe ngokugcwele SAM "S-300PS" has 8 iziqhumane. ibhethri ngamunye ifakwe 5N63 noma radar 5N63S kanye radar sokunquma ongaphakeme ezindizayo Okuqondiwe 5N66 noma 5N66M. Bobabili izinhlelo radar ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ithimba insika 40V6 chungechunge.

Enhloko-dolobha, Kiev - okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho ihlala ivikelwe isethi ephelele uchungechunge ibhethri "S-300P". Yonke imikhiqizo 6 bahlale umphumela, sebenzisa 4 "S-300PT", futhi ezimbili - "S-300PS." amayunithi Military nomoya ukuzivikela ukumboza laseKharkov ( "S-300PT"), Odessa ( "S-300PS") futhi Nikolaev ( "S-300PT") - lezi promtsentry ezintathu ivikelwe amabhethri ngamunye. LaseDnepropetrovsk ivikelwe ezine ibhethri amandla "S-300PT".

Tactical yesimiso sokuzivikela emoyeni

Zimbili izinhlelo Tactical emoyeni ukuzivikela missile izinhlelo, okuyinto aqoshwe ngolimi Ukraine inethiwekhi emoyeni ukuzivikela. APU esetshenziswa ohlelweni "Buk" 9K37 futhi "C-300V1". Ezinye zalezi izinhlelo kungaphansi amabutho emoyeni ukuzivikela, futhi abathile - nezinye izikhali ukulwa. izinhlelo Hambayo zenzelwe ukumboza izinto amasu ezimbonini, emphakathini nakwezombangazwe, lawo maqembu lempi.

MOD ugomela ngokuthi Army esetshenziswa ukhetho "Buk-M", futhi Air Force base-Ukraine babesebenzisa "Buk-M1". UMnyango Wezokuvikela futhi ibonisa ukuthi Army isebenzisa ukuguqulwa "C-300V1" (Gladiator), ekhomba yokuthi Ukraine akanawo simiso "S-300V2" (Giant), ukwazi adubule phansi imicibisholo ballistic.

Ukusabalala endaweni

Ukrainian inethiwekhi SAM uzalwe ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. Ukuvikelwa Air kusho ahlelwe ukuze uvikele ukhiye ezinabantu futhi izifunda ezindawo. I ezinabantu abaningi ehlanganiswa inhlokodolobha Kiev, amaqoqo zezimboni ukhiye maphakathi Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Mykolaiv nase-Odessa. Ingxenye amabhethri ohlakaziwe ezweni lonke.

Ngokwe-ojenene, izwe ayisekho esongela nempi ngokumelene NATO, ngokulandelana, amabutho Ukraine kuye kwanciphisa inani zezindiza nemikhumbi SAM izinhlelo. Nakuba inethiwekhi emoyeni ukuzivikela is kakhulu kwehle ngobukhulu selokhu kwachitheka zase-USSR, Ukraine namanje uhlala ngokwanele wahlomisa bazivikele emoyeni kuhlasela.

Amaqhinga kanye namasu

amathuluzi Ucingo ezifana "S-300PS", "Buk" futhi "C-300V1" asakwazi ukwenza lapho kudingeka bona - cishe noma kuphi kuleli lizwe. Dislocations 64N6 radar kanye anti-aircraft izinhlelo 36D6 ukuhlinzeka impi ukuphathwa nokwesekwa, futhi ngibeka imigomo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikuphi, sibonga inethiwekhi ebanzi yesixwayiso. Njengoba SAM "S-300PS", ngokuvamile owawuba esayithini lelungiselelwe, inethiwekhi enkulu amasayithi ngasebenzi nezakhiwo izikhundla okungalunga nokubekwa missile izinhlelo. E-Ukraine, ezingaphezu kuka-100 angasebenzi (redundant) nekubeka SAM okuhlukile.

Ezinye ezingaba babe onobuhle amadala. Nakuba "C-200" bengakwamukeli kahle ukuhlasela Okuqondiwe ezikwazi, isinyenyela noma ephansi flying, isistimu ingakwazi ukuvimbela CIA noma ezinye ezinkulu izindiza zempi eduze isikhala emoyeni ye-Ukraine. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa bebuyile olulindelekile emsebenzini ngemuva kokushintshwa ezithile. Ngokulinganiswa ukubhala-SAM 70s "S-300PT 'izinhlelo okukhethekile lempi kwakukhona.

ukuqhubeka

Ukuze 2016-2017 kuhlelwe sesimanje Ukraine emoyeni ukuzivikela. Systems of "P-200" futhi "C-300PS" kuzodinga esikhundleni e 2016-2020. Ngisho ngaphandle ikhumbula impilo inkonzo, izinsuku kangcono "S-300PS" futhi "C-200" losalela emuva. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa njalo amaqhinga ECM (zokumelana electronic), SEAD / EFILE (ekulweni isitha air izivikelo), nezinye izinto idatha SAM singahlangabezani umoya izikhathi.

Le phrojekthi ukungenisa ngabanye ISIZINDA / izikhali kuya izakhiwo ubudala, kanye nekwakha umkhiqizo akho usebenzisa izingxenye wamabhizinisi Ukrainian nozakwethu angaphandle.

radar izinhlelo

Ukraine - omunye abakhiqizi ezimbalwa emhlabeni, eba futhi ukhiqiza radar ku-loop avaliwe. Nokho, iningi lama-imishini futhi izikhali zebutho Ukrainian imelelwa onobuhle yisikhathi. Endabeni engcono - olwesimanje. Ipaki izikhali electronic zimumethe radar ngesilwane esifuywayo ngezinombolo amasampula izizukulwane heterogeneous e isakhiwo ukuphathwa ezishintshayo Imininingwane inqubo radar.

Kulinganiselwa Ukraine, ne ngezimali eyabelwe zona nge APU ngo-2016, izindleko eziphawulekayo ahloselwe emoyeni ukuzivikela. Bahlele ukuyisa ukuthenga 28 iziteshi radar kanye uthuthukise amayunithi eziyisithupha. Nokho, isidingo webutho lezempi e-radar entsha futhi ngcono futhi okuningi kuyinto izingcezu kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili. Empeleni, kuze kube manje, isimo isimiso sokuzivikela, ikakhulukazi anti-aircraft missile futhi radar radar amabutho, eshiya ithemba kakhulu. Futhi ngokumelene isizinda yokuthi e-Ukraine has abakhiqizi ayo abakghona ukunikela siqu izixazululo zabo eziseqophelweni ukuqapha wezasemoyeni yasekhaya.

Kuze kube manje, amabutho kwesokunxele inqwaba radar P-18M, R-18MA (P-19MA). Ngenxa NGO "Aerotekhnika" vs. "Ukrspetstekhnika" lezi zitshalo hhayi kuphela wahlala phakathi kwababusi, kodwa olwesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amasha.

Radar "Malachite"

New impi Ukraine siyidinga radar sesimanjemanje, njenge "Malachite". Lolu hlelo ubizwa ngokuthi sesimanje esiteshini Soviet P-18, kodwa ngezindlela eziningi uhlukile kwabanye esasisandulele. Ochwepheshe HC "Ukrspetstekhnika" senza izinguquko ezinkulu, futhi namuhla isiteshi entsha ngokuphelele. I "Malachite" digital signal processing luyasetshenziswa, inhlanganisela ne ezishintshayo yesimanje yaqaphela amasosha omzimba, lo proximal ukuthola indawo kwehle kuze 2.5 km, emthambekeni okwandisiwe isihlobo antenna ukuba yindawo evundlile ngaphakathi + 15 / -15 degrees, nokunye. D. "Malachite" has uhla ukuthola kufika ku-400 km, okungukuthi, esiteshini kuthola Imikhondo izitshengiselo zamatshe ngcono nxa kakhulu futhi aqhelelane kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi radar ezisebenza manje e-Ukraine.

Izici eyinkimbinkimbi ziye kahle sihlolwe Ukrainian Ministry Wezokuvikela. Ngenxa yalokho, esiteshini radar awuzange kuphela ayifake inkonzo, kepha futhi ukukubeka ngamaviyo. Ngokusho ukuphathwa kwenkampani "Ukrspetstekhnika", ngo-Ephreli 2015 amabutho sekudlule cishe kweshumi nambili "Malachite" radar.

Iziteshi Ingxenye ngocansi amatilosi Ukrainian ngubani isebenze uhlelo ezimweni nezinye ebusweni eziyimbangela, ezahlukene kusukela P-18 Soviet. Ezisebenza izimo ulwandle wabonisa ukuthi esiteshini ngempumelelo uyayixazulula inkinga zokulandela emoyeni okukhonjiwe maphakathi izici zabo, kanye ebusweni amatshe ulayini emehlweni. Lokho, zone 12 imayela, okuyinto ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa amatilosi, "Malachite" radar elawulwa ngokukhululekile.

Radar "MP-1"

New imitha ububanzi radar esiteshini ukuba nomuntu kwaphawula "MP-1", manje wadala SPC "inhlansi." Abaklami imikhawulo yonke impumelelo yakamuva umcabango ngokwesayensi, okuhloswe ngaso yokululama ukubaluleka ubuchwepheshe esilayidi (esilayidi).

"MP-1" yakhelwe impilo yebhethri, kanye ukusebenza emoyeni ukulawula ukuzivikela lesifunda AMS-Ukraine. Radar kungathola, ithrekhi futhi ulinganise azimuth, ububanzi, ukuphakama target, naphezu umthelela ukuphazamiseka.

Ububi esiteshini wayeneminyaka isidingo ukufaka ezengeziwe ezokuthutha amayunithi ahlukene ophephela generator enikeza amandla izinhlelo. Ngenxa yalokho, radar esekelwe 3-4 imishini. Isiteshi esisha "Minsk-1" idinga eyodwa kuphela ezokuthutha iyunithi. Zonke imishini ibekwe phezu chassis ka KrAZ.

Ezimweni ukulwa yesimanje ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba eliphezulu esiteshini. Ngemva 5-10 imizuzu umsebenzi udinga ukuwathutha radar esimeni esisha. Ngo "MG-1" opharetha imisebenzi, ngaphandle kokushiya ngaphambili emotweni, ilawula ukusebenza kwe-, ngokuqapha ukubonisa isimo emoyeni. Isiteshi iyatholakala radio yezokuxhumana ngendlela ngesakhiwo digital, ngokuzenzakalelayo okuhambisa isimo traffic umyalo emoyeni wezokuVikela ezilawulayo NE uhlobo IP-15 noma ku-IP 12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esiteshini "Minsk-1" uyakwazi ukulinganisa kahle impela ukuphakama ngezinhloso zokuthi benze uhlelo 3-Ukudidiyela. Instrumental yokusebenza Ibanga km 400. Le phrojekthi ungaphakathi ukuthuthukiswa.

"Pelican" radar

Three-esiteshini isiyingi umbono 79K6 (inguqulo ukuthekelisa - 80K6) "Pelican" waqala ukuba athuthukiswe ngo 1992 ngu SPC "Spark". Kuphela 2007 radar amukela APU. Zonke imishini ibekwe phezu radar iyunithi ezokuthutha.

Ukuvela e Ukraine ibutho radar 79K6 bavunyelwe autonomously ukusebenzisa anti-aircraft missile Battalion "S-300PT / PS". Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa 79K6 lamabutho isakhiwo (6 izigaba). Ngoba izici eziyinhloko Tactical futhi yomsebenzi 80K6 radar kuba ezingeni angaphandle analogue, futhi izindleko zawo okungenani izikhathi ezimbili ngaphansana izimbangi zayo. Ubuningi ukuthola uhla "Pelican" Umgomo km 400. Nokho, ngezinye 3-5 m ² EPR ukuthola uhla okuhloswe ku engamamitha indiza 100 m 40 km; endaweni engamamitha 1000 m - 110 km; endaweni engamamitha ayi-10-30 km - 300-350 km.

Ukuze kuhlomisa amasosha zanamuhla radar izakhiwo kanye izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela manje ngempela efanele. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi singakwazi ukugcina ukulawula wezasemoyeni Ukraine futhi anikeze imiyalo imboni yasekhaya.