Umbhali Eyiqiniso futhi isikhulumi A. I. Gertsen: Biography nemisebenzi

Ngokuzayo omkhulu umbhali kanye sazi A. I. Gertsen wazalwa elinezinkathazo 1812. ngenyanga-eziyisithupha umntwana behlakaniphe ezandleni French, lapho afike asesha ekhaya Nest omkhaya Gentry BakaJehova eMoscow. Izindaba ngokuphathelene nempi kanye zonke inkathi romantic wokubusa kuka-Alexander wenza kusukela ingane nomdlandla umphuphi, injongo sole kwaba ukulwa ukuba Russia kangcono. Ukukhulela wayengezwanga washintsha kwezifiso zakhe.

Ebuntwaneni kanye Nemfundo

A. I. Gertsen wazalelwa emndenini yesikhulu abacebile Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ingcebo yakhe waqinisekiswa umsuka owaziwa. Omunye okhokho umndeni wayengu-Andreya Mare, okuyinto nayo yayenziwa we Romanov lwamakhosi.

Umama wale ngane kuthiwa umsuka ovamile isiJalimane, ngaphandle eseneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, uyise ungazange ubhalise umshado intombazane, futhi wazalelwa indodana igama yokufakelwa, kusungulwe Ivanom Alekseevichem. WaseHerzen ngesiJalimane kusho indodana inhliziyo.

Lolu limi ngokuvamile esadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni wale nsizwa. umbhali yathe ayeyithanda kwakungu le Schiller. Ngokwesibonelo, play "Abaphangi" kwakudingeka ukufunda waseHerzen, futhi uhlamvu zako ezisemqoka Karl Moor - i ekahle futhi isibonelo ukuze le nsizwa. Kuphinde futhi kube ezinkulu isipiliyoni kuqala kwezincwadi umbhali esizayo kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha ukubuyekeza-nokucabanga "Wallenstein", okwakuyindawo nombhali Schiller.

Ngisho nalapho ngiseyingane waseHerzen Alexander Ivanovich wahlangana uzakwabo UNikolai Ogarev. Izingane bashaqeka ukuzwa ngokushona ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists ngo-1825, wabe esenikeza nomunye isithembiso ukulwa inguquko.

isixhumanisi

Nakancane nomqondo insizwa wangena eMoscow University, lapho eseneminyaka emibuthanweni eziningi intsha olukhulu. Ikakhulukazi, basekela izenzakalo eFrance ngo-1830, lapho ngenxa ka-July Revolution lanqotshwa Charles X.

Ngo-1833 wamela mqondo yakhe umfundi uCopernicus, futhi wathola Ph.D. kanye nayo lendondo yesiliva. Kwakubonakala sengathi phambi wakhe ukhonza labantu ukuphila ahlukile. Nokho, ngemva konyaka A. I. Gertsen yawela ehlazweni futhi wadingiselwa Vyatka wesifundazwe kumagama "lapho kuculwa amavesi libelous." Kuleli gumbi Krutitsa sezindela lapho uboshiwe ngesikhathi uphenyo, umbhali eseqedile "Isihambi German."

Ngezinye Vyatka waseHerzen weza emhlabeni ngenjongo yokukhonza ehhovisi lendawo njengoba umhumushi. Life of idolobha elincane obuyizinkulungwane eziyishumi okwabonakala kuye kakhulu isidina ngemva eMoscow okuvelayo. Lokho konke kwashintsha lapho 1837 wabanjwa iso indlalifa badingiselwa sobukhosi, Ngokuzayo u-Alexander II. Yena athengelwe impumuzo umbuso futhi waseHerzen translation uVladimir. Khona-ke umlobi ngajwayelana imbongi Vasiliem Zhukovskim, owayesanda nje zabona ukufa Aleksandra Pushkina.

"Amanothi we lawobaba" futhi baseNtshonalanga

Ekugcineni ngo-1838, waseHerzen zaphambukela uVladimir, lapho washada no-Nataley Aleksandrovnoy Zaharinoy, futhi ngokushesha ngathola Alexander amazibulo. Khona-ke, umbhali yakwazi ukuthuthela enhlokodolobha, kodwa waphinde badingiselwa Novgorod for abathanda ifilosofi. Kodwa ngisho nalapho ayizange ihlale isikhathi eside, wabuyela eMoscow. Wayesebenza e "Amanothi we lawobaba" umagazini ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba A. I. Gertsen kwaba omunye abaholi baseNtshonalanga, ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono umzabalazo Russia endleleni European yentuthuko.

Ngo-1845, umlobi eshicilelwe izahluko zokuqala zencwadi imisebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke, "Ubani onecala?". Khona-ke waseHerzen wanquma ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe ngenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla azizange uthanda ukubukwa bakhe, ikakhulukazi odabeni ongumlimi. Futhi ngenkathi ushushiso wayengekho, waya eYurophu, kusuka lapho akaphindanga wabuya.

Europe

Maduze, e-1848, e-Europe waqala revolution jikelele ukulwa nombuso ubudala. Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich wathatha ingxenye kule ukunyakaza, ikakhulu izindwendwe wamaRoma. Lapho ukuvukela kuqala France, umndeni umbhali wathuthela Paris. Ngemva waseHerzen ezimpini ukubonakaliswa ngokumelene neziphathimandla zendawo, ikhankasela ukubuya ukuze ngokomthethosisekelo, waqala ukushushiswa amalungu ayo. Isikhulumi babalekela eSwitzerland. Lapho kuvela ukuhlubuka wanqamuka, wabuyela Nice.

Ngo-1850, umthetho wadedelwa aseRussia waseHerzen lungena ngaphansi "ekudingisweni ngokunganqamuki." Isizathu kwaba imisebenzi yakhe lesibonwa e nomagazini abaningi, lapho wagxeka iziphathimandla Nikolaev. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa ukuphrinta eRussia, izincwadi waseHerzen futhi ama-atikili ashicilelwe ngezilimi ahlukahlukene aseYurophu phesheya.

Ngo 1851, e ekuphahlazekeni komkhumbi, unina zafa kabuhlungu umbhali nendodana yakhe kolya. Okulandelayo Meyi, lapho umkakhe eshona ebeletha futhi umntwana osanda kuzalwa. Izigigaba samenta ukuqala Umlando wakhe ukuthi kuphela 1868 kwanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Odlule wami futhi Imicabango". Ngesikhathi esifanayo London liye laba yindawo unomphela lokuhlala, okuyinto wakhetha Aleksandr Gertsen. "Odlule wami futhi Imicabango" wagcina ebe zakudala ukuhluza yayo.

"The Bell"

Ngo 1853 e London, kwakukhona khulula ukuphrinta endlini Russian, ogama umsunguli wabo kwakungu-Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen. I sazi omkhulu wayefuna ukudala ukushicilelwa lesibonwa, focus zazo kungaba izenzakalo zezombusazwe nezenhlalo ezweni lakubo.

Yena washona ngemva nje Nicholas mina, neRussia walahlekelwa neMpi YaseCrimea, bese ekhaya kwakukhona isicelo sokushintsha. Ngalesi sikhathi, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kuleli zwe yayingekho kabusha, wabusa ukuphendula ekuphenduleni zabhikisha we Decembrists. Lapho umngane nalowo asebenzisana Ogarev wathuthela eLondon, waseHerzen ngo-1857 edala iphephandaba "The Bell", okuyinto sekuwuphawu kwenkathi kweqiniso.

Le ncwadi yabonakala fresh izinto ezazivela, kanye nezincwadi encane etemibhalo. Inombolo Ubukhulu kwaba 8-10 amashidi. Okokuqala ngesiRashiya eshicilelwe nguqulo ye ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi iphephandaba. Ngayifunda yena, u-Alexander II. Nokho, ngemva kwelinye lamakamelo e 1858 kwanyatheliswa imibhalo imfihlo mayelana kabusha oluzayo we nabalimi abancane, "The Bell" wawuvinjelwe. Noma kunjalo, leli phephandaba ukungena ezweni ngokungemthetho. Isiqongo okuphumelela kwaba 1861, lapho kukhululwa abalimi yanyatheliswa eRussia.

eminyakeni yamuva

Kanye umbhali uye wasekela kwavukelwa Polish, inzalo kuyo laqedwa ngokuphelele. "Bell" uyekile ishicilelwe e-1867. Switzerland isibe ikhaya elisha, lapho Aleksandr Gertsen wathutha. Kafushane: esele yokuphila kwakhe yaphenduka nokuzula kanye kokungaboni ngaso linye khona nabantu ababecabanga njengami.

Ngo-1870, yena wabulawa i-pneumonia Aleksandr Gertsen. "Ubani onecala?" Futhi imisebenzi lesibonwa immortalized igama lakhe. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, wabonwa njengoba iwuphawu umzabalazo revolution ngokumelene nombuso. Umlobi wangcwatshwa Nice.