Ukwakheka sinkholes. Kuyini Karst cwilisa

iplanethi yethu like a bag enkulu izipho: kangakanani ngakho noma bambe, ungathola njalo into entsha. Earth njalo inikeza abacwaningi lezimanga, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kanye isikhathi eside kakhulu. isibonelo esiphelele - lo mkhuba sinkholes, okuyinto njalo abanyatheliswa emhlabeni wonke.

Ushizi ne izimbobo, noma precariousness wempilo ...

Ukuba khona omkhulu izimbotshana komhlaba indoda eyaziwa kusukela kudala. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi endulo zihlotshaniswa kuphela namaqhinga amabutho ezimbi, abantu ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga yilabo izindawo lapho kukhona imfundo yabo evamile. Izimbobo kusukela sinkholes zazibhekwa lalisemzileni oya ezimayini lemimoya.

Kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka, abantu ekubambile wesayensi ahlukahlukene. Kancane kancane, izazi zokuma komhlaba wathola nemfihlo lezi izinto ezakhiwe imvelo. Kanjalo. izimbotshana Underground kwakheka izindawo lapho elele ekujuleni amatshe umhlaba zisho ukungenwa amanzi ashaya leli dwala. Lapho amanzi engena ungqimba inhlabathi, kancane kancane kucekela limestone efanayo, kanjalo zakha ingaphakathi ngomshoshaphansi. Ngokuvamile, ezindaweni ezijulileyo zomhlaba kwakhiwa ngisho ngokubabazekayo amachibi Karst, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka ngihlalé kuyivelakancane ukuba abantu.

Cishe bakhona ontanga obaziyo okungenani eyodwa izwe emhumeni abadumile komhlaba ne elilengayo futhi stalagmites: ongaziwa kungase kuzwakale, kodwa zonke okufanayo lombhalo wokulahlekelwa. Kwezinye izindawo ungqimba phansi edwaleni ngaphansi enhlabathini ngenani izimbobo ongaphumelela zincintisane ushizi Swiss. Njengoba lezi izingxenye njalo ezenzeka Ngokuwa ungqimba inhlabathi ke bakha landscape kunalokho bokuhlala endaweni, ethiwa "sendawo Karst."

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu balashelwe beya ezindaweni ezinjalo ayihloniphe kakhulu, ngoba babekholelwa bo abode we onkulunkulu abaningi nemimoya. Ngomqondo onabile, babekwazi ukuqonda ukuthi uma ubheka ezinye izinhlobo zosizo eze ngokushesha engqondweni namathafa amaplanethi ezikude ...

Kuyini Karst kusukela iphuzu zesayensi of umbono

By the way, uyazi lapho igama elithi "Karst" awasekho? Yamuka iyona definition kusukela endaweni inyakatho ye-Italy, Beauty (Karst). Okufanayo zemvelo waphawula ezindaweni eziningi Slovenia futhi Croatia.

Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, iqoqo izinqubo Geological kanye izenzakalo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi okuvela sinkholes kungenzeka kuphela endaweni lapho amanga izinhlobo abafanele yamadwala (zazo kakade sesiye saxoxa ngenhla).

Okubalulekile! izazi zokuma komhlaba Professional ngokuvamile imele pseudokarst. Le nkulumo ibhekisela kumiswa voids kule enhlabathini nasemifantwini yamadwala ezihleli ngaphansi kwalo. Ngokungafani "iqiniso" Karst ngukutsi akhiwa ezinye, kunokuba nokonakala kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwalesi definition iwe ngokuphelele emihumeni ezenzeka emva ukunyamalala kwenhlabathi noma lava ukugeleza ndima. Ungakhohlwa futhi abonise voids okuyizinto zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu (ukukhiqizwa igesi namafutha).

On lezi zenzakalo thina manje ukutshela. Lowo elidume kunawo wonke "Latin American" sinkhole. Guatemala - emzini lapho evela.

Latin America

Egcekeni kwaba usuku lokugcina Meyi 2010. Central America ku "umusi egcwele phambili" ishanelwe imvula enesivunguvungu "Agatha", kanyekanye ukucekela phansi yonke into endleleni yayo. Ekuseni konke kwaba ethule, futhi dolobha eGuatemala Izinsiza aseqalile bahlanganyele umsebenzi wokubuyisela. Kungazelelwe empambana-mgwaqo ephithizelayo akha uphondo omkhulu, ububanzi okuyinto zazilingana 18 metres, kanye nokujula safinyelela amamitha 60. UMbuso omkhulu Karst nciphisa kweso wawa Isakhiwo esinezitezi ezintathu efulethini futhi olulodwa storey nekamelo.

Okudidayo ukuthi, kodwa Guatemala le senzakalo sasingeyona into kusukela isigaba Amazing: eminyakeni nje emithathu ngaphambili, nje amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka edolobheni, bakha ukwehluleka, ukujula zazo abesaneminyaka amamitha. Ngeshwa, ezimweni zombili zazingekho abalimala.

Kwakuyini

Ngokushesha ngemuva kwesigameko zonke kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa kumiswa sinkholes. Kodwa izazi zokuma komhlaba wenzé ngokushesha kucace ukuthi Umuzi umelela kwi ilula obukhulu mlilo ngokwenyama ayikwazi anyakaza. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ungqimba yesigayegaye kumiswa Geological kwakheka umgodi giant?

Okumangazayo ukuthi, kodwa kukho konke-ke kufanele asolwe ... amasevisi budedengu ngokuhlanganyela. Ngenxa yokuhluleka njalo futhi ngempumelelo amapayipi amapayipi ukuthi babekwa Kudala Endulo, ngaphansi zedolobha zabumba real inethiwekhi komhlaba esinuka indle emifuleni. "Amanzi" yabo kwaluqeda futhi wavala ilula, okuyinto ngokushesha waqala Leach out ngesilinganiso ezimangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushuba we inhlabathi kancane kancane kwakheka umgodi omkhulu.

Lina isikhathi akusebenzi ...

Ngo-May 2010 isimo esikhona iye yaqhubeka iwohloka ngenxa lemali omkhulu ka amanzi emvula silethwe "Agatha". Ngemva kwalokho, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi kwezinye izindawo kwakhiwa emachibini "karstic", iziphi namanje egcwele ingxube amanzi emvula nendle. Akubuzwa, kubi kangakanani "ulwandle" kuthinte isimo epidemiological emzini.

Ngakho, siye echazwe kunjalo - akukho sinkholes. Guatemala libhekisela kulabo ezindaweni ezimbalwa emhlabeni, lapho kutholakala khona imfundo yabo zikhishiwe. Ngokuvamile, ukwehluleka phansi ngokuvamile baphawula emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuvamile, Ubukhulu yabo umxhwele ngempela: ububanzi uphondo ongafinyelela amashumi amaningana amamitha, ingasaphathwa of umbhangqwana engamakhulu amamitha ukujula.

Ngenxa ukuvama okwandisa ukwakheka zabo

Naphezu imfundo ezingxenyeni eziningi zalezi zemvelo, futhi kuze kube namuhla liyaqhubeka likholelwa okungaphezu kwemvelo. Futhi abantu baqonde: kubonakala kuyisimanga ukuthi okuqinile futhi esimeme oluqinile ngaphansi kwezinyawo zenu, kube ambalwa ezingenza abe ukwehluleka omkhulu, okuyinto zinyamalale ngisho ekhaya ngendlela izibuya ambalwa. Okwenza isimo sibe sibi nge minyaka oludlulayo, kodwa ngenxa yokukhathazeka lukhula.

Ochwepheshe bathi basola cishe njalo ukwehluleka wesibili karstic elala umuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi kwabantu yakhiwa ne kobuso bomhlaba nezakhiwo giant, kanye nomthelela omubi kakhulu emalini esele komhlaba. Ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu ezingeni sabo njalo nokuncipha, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingozi ukwehluleka inyuka kakhulu.

Izinto ezenziwa abantu

Isibonelo esiyinhloko iqiniso lokuthi kungenzeka ngisho nokucindezeleka omkhulu Karst kubangelwe abantu kuyinto West eFlorida, eU.SA. Wena basazohlupheka ukuhleka, kodwa okufanayo 2010 kwakukhona ukwehluleka usayizi umxhwele ngesikhathi yokulahla wendawo. izazi zokuma komhlaba Local sacishe grey, kusukela ngokuvumelana umbono uchwepheshe (sangomhla 1980), endaweni kwaba oluzinze ngokuphelele (futhi kungani wakhetha landfill).

Chaza elula: ngezansi nje ithrekhi yezinto esihlalweni emfuleni ngomshoshaphansi. Kusukela ngalowo nyaka wawusomile, amanzi akhishwa eziphethwini ke ngokushesha yonkana isimo. Umphumela - ukuhluleka.

Lilodwa Melika, umonakalo yonyaka ezibangela ukwehluleka, balinganiselwa ku 10-15 billion (!) Dollars.

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ngezinye izikhathi sendawo Karst lingasebenza umuntu isevisi enhle kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi indawo enjalo, njengenjwayelo, enhle kakhulu. isibonelo esiphelele ongakhonza sinkholes eziningi emahlathini Indonesia, kanye ngokubabazekayo Omkhulu iBlue Hole, esemgwaqweni ngasogwini Belize.

ukusetshenziswa engenangqondo amanzi enhlabathini

Ngezindlela eziningi, le iyimpande yesono itholakala lokuthi ukuthi isintu izinto ezingenangqondo isebenzisa unento ewusizo olukhulu kakhulu kwenhlabathi komhlaba. Yiqiniso, kunzima ukuba ubalekele: umswakama - unento ewusizo olukhulu, futhi ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo ezweni, isetshenziswa izinto eziningi amakhudlwana. Phakathi komhlaba akhishwa ukunisela komhlaba wezolimo, futhi kwezinye izimo, futhi kuze kube namuhla isetshenziswa umkhuba eyinhlekelele nkinga emaxhaphozini, okuholela more imiphumela emibi. Ngakho, emazweni amaningi baye ebeseke wavela nokushoda amanzi okuphuza.

Kuze kube muva nje, kuphela yesayensi ezibhaliwe mayelana nempi esizohlasela alenzele isihlawulelo, futhi manje into efanayo ezikushoyo kakade ngempela "ezivamile" ochwepheshe kokwenzekayo.

kwezigigaba German

Sikugcizelele waphinda ukuthi izimbotshana Karst - impela engokwemvelo. Esikhathini esifanayo ngo-2010 (kwaba kwakuyisikhathi esimatasa) edolobheni ithule cwaka futhi inokuthula laseJalimane Schmalkalden in eThuringia okuxoxwe kabili umcimbi amazing. A ethule ekuseni ngo-November (ngowokuqala kukaNovemba) ilungelo phakathi emgwaqweni omkhulu endaweni wentaba omkhulu 40 amamitha amabili ububanzi, okuyinto sifinyelela amamitha angu-20 nje ukujula. kwadingeka kuphela isikhathi sokwehlisa umoya izinkanuko njengoba Novemba 11 Kwenzeka into efanayo endaweni efanayo.

Kwesokudla komngcele elidala wentaba entsha kwakhiwa, athatha izintambo eziningi emagalaji bendawo. Njengoba umhlaba banqotshwa ebusuku, wakwazi ukugwema abalimala.

"Isango yesihogo"

Esanda kutholakala yabe seyaziwa ukuthi emifantwini sentaba, okuyinto Itholakala Turkmen Karakum ehlane, iqukethe isamba esikhulu igesi yemvelo. Okuningi ngokunembile, ukwazi kuphela sebekwazi ngo-1971. Ngaleso sikhathi, eduze nedolobhana elincane Darwaz drillers wenza esinye imbobo. Kule nqubo okuthakazelisayo, base brown aqondile Karst ingaphakathi ngomshoshaphansi. Kwakuyisikhathi igesi. kakhulu.

Drilling Rig cishe ngokushesha zigoqiwe phakathi komgodi kwakhiwa, ububanzi okuyinto 20 amamitha kanye nokujula - zonke amamitha 60. Athintekayo, ngenhlanhla, kwakungelula, kodwa emhlabathini kwaqala ukuphuma igesi. Njengoba ngezithako zawo kwaba yingozi ezimpilweni zabantu nezilwane, kwanqunywa ukuba umlilo. Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi ngokushesha zigcine igesi ngeke zishe. Maye, bashisa sekungamakhulu engaphezu kwamashumi amane.

Njengoba igama elithi "Darwaz" ngolimi wendawo kusho "esangweni", bendawo kulindeleke christened surreal landscape "amasango esihogo."

Akuwona wonke ukuhluleka - Karst

Akumangalisi ukuthi kukhona ucwaningo olunzulu emkhakheni ukuthola zokuvimbela izimbotshana komhlaba yingozi kule minyaka yamuva. I owaziwa Israeli Lev Eppelbaum sokuma baseNyuvesi umatasa ukwehluleka Tel Aviv utadisha naseduze noLwandle Olufile, sibambe usizo ozakwabo baseFrance Jordan. Mangisho ukuthi kolwandle kuba into yemvelo eyingqayizivele ngempela. Futhi akusiwona nje usawoti olugqamile amanzi awo, kodwa futhi iqiniso lokuthi lokhu emanzini sise 415 metres ngezansi kolwandle.

Usawoti zalo eziphakeme ngokwedlulele ngesizathu esilula ne kwamanzi olwandle iyasha ngokushesha kakhulu, okuyinto isamba elanele emfuleni iJordani nje awunaso isikhathi ukuletha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umyalo wokugcina isiteshi angashoni unyaka ngamunye kakhulu, njengoba izidingo Ezolimo ka-Israyeli futhi Jordan ezikhulayo. Ngakho, ukunciphisa izinga yoLwandle Olufile (cishe imitha elilodwa ngonyaka). Njengoba konke lokhu letiphatselene nengcikitsi izihloko?

usawoti ofaka

Kulula: zonke ngasogwini loLwandle Olufile, ngesikhathi amamitha angu-25 kuya ku-50 ukujula ukufihla omkhulu usawoti imali. Ngaphambili, lezi zindawo ezazingaphansi kwawo ungqimba amanzi anosawoti, kodwa yena Ngahlehla. Ngenxa yalokho, izigaxa usawoti baqale ukuxhumana fresh amanzi phansi. Ngenxa yalokho - uhlobo "Karst" izindawo, esinabantu oluneziqhingi ukwehluleka. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, lona wamuva bavele ukuguguleka amanzi anosawoti.

Kuze kube manje, inani izimbobo emazinyweni, ububanzi okuyinto kuhluka imitha 30 amamitha, kuba nezinkulungwane eziningana. Kusukela emoyeni, esifundeni uya ekuqaleni ukufana kobuso inyanga. Futhi lesi simo siya siba sibi kakhulu kulabo emashumini ayisishiyagalombili, ngesikhathi lapho abantu bebukela oLwandle Olufile, olwalubizwa ke lancipha amamitha 20.

Ngingayithola kanjani alungise leso simo

Isimo kungaba basindiswe kuphela ngokuqinisa ukugeleza amanzi oMfula iJordani. Ngeshwa, lokhu kungaba kuphela baphupha njengoba uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa ezolimo idinga wonke amavolumu yayo enkulu. Ochwepheshe bathi kungenzeka ukumba umsele, kusukela eLwandle Olubomvu. Mayelana leli thuba lokuba ngikhulume isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi iyoke ikwazi ukuyiphendula. Okwamanje, i-izazi zokuma komhlaba olwenziwa kuvivinywa ezindleleni ezintsha kanye ukuhlolwa, okukuvumela zangaphambi ukuxwayisa imiphakathi ezisogwini ngezingozi subsidence okungazelelwe.

Ngakho, umsuka Karst akuyona yonke cwilisa in phansi. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo, ngamunye wale izimbobo kungenzeka yingozi neziqu zabo okwalandela abukhali.