Ukwahlukanisa izinkinga global impucuko yesimanje kanye nezici zabo

Ngokuhamba ukuthuthukiswa impucuko womuntu uye wabhekana kaningi futhi uyaqhubeka ukubhekana eziningi nezinkinga ezithile nezinselelo. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, lezi zinkinga kakhulu iloliwe, futhi uthenge sha, uhlamvu esongelayo. Basitshela ukuthi ngokuphelele bonke abakhileyo emhlabeni, ezithinta izithakazelo emazweni amaningi futhi abantu bomhlaba.

On okushiwo umqondo 'global inkinga ", ngeengaba zomhlaba izinkinga futhi kungenzeka solutions of yabo zokupheka kuzoxoxwa ngakho kulesi sihloko.

Umlando ubudlelwane ohlelweni "indoda-imvelo"

Ukuxhumana yomuntu nemvelo ziye zashintsha njengoba isikhathi. Uma umzimba womuntu kwaba kakhulu ngaphandle kwenkinga ihlangana ku ezungezile. Kodwa-ke yena waqala ngenkuthalo "ulungise" imvelo ukuze uvumelane ngezidingo zabo, ngokuya esishintsha surface eMhlabeni, ekujuleni ezibilinini le planethi, futhi lapho usukwazi ukudlala kahle egobolondweni entsha.

Ngokuvamile, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlukanisa mlando ezinhlanu (izigaba) emlandweni ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nemvelo:

• Isigaba sokuqala (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 30 edlule). Phakathi nale nkathi, umuntu uvuma ubunjalo ezizungezile. Ubizwa ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ukuhlangana, ukuzingela nokudoba.
• Eyesibili esiteji (eminyakeni engaba ngu-7000 edlule). Ngalesi sikhathi ushintsho wamavukelambuso yomuntu ekuhlanganeni nezolimo. Kwenziwe imizamo yokuqala okuguqula ezungezile.
• Isigaba sesithathu (eminyaka IX-XVII). Inkathi obuciko empini yokuqala enkulu. ingcindezi zabantu ebhodulukweni ikhule kakhulu.
• Isigaba sesine (XVIII-XIX leminyaka). Umhlaba iphuma izinguquko kwezezimboni. Indoda ezama ukuba anqotshwe ngokuphelele nemvelo.
• isigaba wesihlanu (ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili). Isiteji ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kakhulu ngensimbi zonke izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke lesintu, ngokuyinhloko kwemvelo.

Ujwayele enjalo prehistory ezikude impucuko yethu kuzosiza ngaphezulu indlela olunzulu nempikiswano ngezigaba kanye izici izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke. Cishe bonke zisobala ngokugcwele kuze isigamu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili.

izinkinga Global, imvelo kanye impande yabo izimbangela

Ngaphambi kokuvala ukuba nezinkinga ezibhekene ngqo impucuko global kanye ngezigaba zabo, kufanele baqonde okushiwo lo mqondo.

Ngakho-ke kufanele ziqondwe njengoba izinkinga ezithinta izimpilo zabantu bonke on planet komhlaba futhi zidinga ngoba isinqumo sabo imizamo ahlangene ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, izizwe namazwe. Kubalulekile ukuba sikuqonde lokho akusho Ukhiye: ukuziba lezi zinkinga, wangabaza khona baqhubeka impucuko womuntu. Futhi kukhona ezempi izinsongo kwemvelo esiyingozi isintu okuningi nangokwengeziwe. Esikhathini Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke namhlanje hlala a ngokuthi 'ukudunyiswa' (ie usho esibaluleke kakhulu) indawo.

Phakathi main ngezimbangela zezinkinga eziphathelene global ukunikeza lokhu okulandelayo:

• ngxabano inhloso phakathi komuntu nemvelo;
• Ukungafani amasiko kanye nenkolelo ngaphakathi impucuko womuntu;
• ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha isayensi nobuchwepheshe;
• nokukhula ngokushesha inani labantu emhlabeni;
• waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo namandla.

Tindlelanchubo Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke

Ngakho, siye sabona kakade ukuthi inkinga angabhekwa global. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sathola ukuthi zingaxazululwa kuphela ngokwezinga lembulunga yonke futhi imizamo ezivamile. Manje ake sibhekisise Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga ezikhona emhlabeni wonke. Philosophy, ngesimiso semvelo, ezomnotho kanye nezinye social sciences ukunikeza lolu daba eziningi ukunakwa kwakho.

Okubalulekile, kusigaba neze isiphetho ngokwakho for ososayensi. Phela, ngosizo uxhumano eningi phakathi izingxenye ungabahlukanisa, kanye ukunquma degree of ukubaluleka (igunya) imihlola ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezigaba kuyasiza kakhulu ngaphezulu futhi ngokuyinhloko ukuhlola into ngaphansi cwaningo.

Namuhla, zikhona ongakhetha eziningana for ngezigaba izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke isintu. Futhi ngamunye wabo kwasekuqaleni ibonisa imibono yomcwaningi kulo mkhakha yolwazi.

Kubalulekile wazi yokuthi Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga global besikhathi sethu iyaguquka. Phela, into uphenyo ngokwayo inamandla kakhulu. Izwe lishintsha ngokushesha, futhi nalo ushintshe nezinsongo. Ngakho, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, le nkinga zobuphekula sasingeyona ogcwele ezweni. Namuhla, kuba main ku-ajenda ye-eneziqongo United Nations kanye nezinye izinhlangano.

Ngakho, Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke lesintu, bethuthuka futhi ngenkuthalo ezisetshenziswa ososayensi izolo, kusasa-ke wayesengaba asihlobene. Yingakho ucwaningo kule isiqondiso ungayeki.

Izinkinga global impucuko yesimanje kanye ngezigaba zabo

I ukunemba izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke bese ubhala izinto ezibalulekile izixazululo zabo - kukhona nenqubo esemqoka ukuthi zakha isisekelo izindlela ethandwa kakhulu ngezigaba zabo. izinkinga Global, ngokusho kwakhe, zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Izinkinga kubangelwa kuwukuphikisana futhi izingxabano phakathi ahlukene (inkinga impi nokuthula, ubuphekula, njll).
2. Izinkinga nazo kule nqubo nokuxhumana phakathi indoda kanye nemvelo (i- "i-ozone imbobo", "Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini", ukungcola izilwandle, njll).
3. Izinkinga ezihlobene ne-operation ye-"Indoda-Society" uhlelo ( "kokwanda", ukufa kwezinsana, ukungakwazi ukufunda zesifazane, ukusakazeka kwengculaza nezinye izifo eziyingozi, nokunye. D.).

Ngokusho kwenye Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga womhlaba jikelele, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amahlanu. Ziyakwazi:

• kwezomnotho;
• kwemvelo;
• inqubomgomo;
• nomphakathi;
• izinkinga ezingokomoya.

Uhlu netincabhayi global ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla

Imibuzo ubunjalo kanye ngezigaba lwezinkinga zomhlaba ehilelekile eziningi abacwaningi lanamuhla. Bonke bavumelane into eyodwa: ayikho lithi ekhona manje abakwazi bebodwa ukubhekana nalezi izinsongo ezibucayi kanye nezinselelo.

Ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi kukhona izinkinga abalulekile alandelayo lesintu:

• kwemvelo;
• amandla;
• ukudla;
• lokubala ubuningi babantu;
• inkinga impi nokuthula;
• usongo amaphekula;
• inkinga ka ekungalinganini emphakathini;
• inkinga ka "-Nyakatho-Ningizimu".

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinkinga global zihlobene nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, le nkinga ukudla olubangelwa yezibalo.

izinkinga Ecological impucuko yesimanje

Ngaphansi ezemvelo global ukubandakanya spectrum ebanzi izinsongo kubangelwa nokucekelwa phansi imvilophi ezindawo ka the Earth. Okokuqala sikhuluma ukusetshenziswa engenangqondo kwemithombo yemvelo (amaminerali, amanzi, umhlaba, njll) nokungcoliswa iplanethi indle.

Ngo Ukwahlukaniswa izinkinga phansi kwemvelo embulungeni yonke sanquma ukwaba kwenziwe lokhu okulandelayo ezimbi:

• ukungcola komoya ngamaphesenti qeda amagesi nentuthu oyikhiphayo zezimboni m p..;
• inhlabathi ukungcoliswa ezisansimbi ezinamandla, zinambuzane namanye amakhemikhali;
• Ukuwohloka amanzi;
• ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi Imininingwane eyenzeke;
• ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye salinization ka nenhlabathi;
• nokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle;
• kuqothulwe izinhlobo ezithile yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

Inkinga amandla

I global Imininingwane petrol ikhuphuke kakhulu phakathi nengxenye kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. uwoyela elikhulu negesi ayengezwa mpilo ngejubane breakneck. Nakuba ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile inkinga yokukhathala kwemithombo yezamandla ngandlela-thile uzame ukuxazulula, emazweni asathuthuka ivame umane indiva.

Kukhona izindlela okungenani ezimbili yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda amandla. Eyokuqala yalezi kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo amandla enuzi, kanti eyesibili ihilela bekholelwa ehlukile imithombo energy (solar, umoya, amagagasi nokunye okunjalo. D.).

inkinga ukudla

Ingqikithi yale nkinga semhlaba ukungakwazi impucuko womuntu ukunikeza ngokwabo nge ukudla kunesidingo. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana World Health Organization, izwe namuhla silambile ngabantu 1 bhiliyoni.

Inkinga ukudla kuyinto uhlamvu abahlukene womhlaba. Ososayensi kunemibandela adedele 'nendlala ibhande ", esemngceleni nhlangothi zombili yenkabazwe umugqa emhlabeni. Ihlanganisa amazwe e-Afrika Ephakathi futhi kwamanye amazwe South-East Asia. Iphesenti elikhulu belamba abantu ezilotshwe Chad, Somalia futhi Uganda (40% abantu sebebonke).

Inkinga lokubala ubuningi babantu

Inkinga yobuzwe ikakhulukazi ngensimbi engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili. Futhi ngendlela ekabili. Ngakho, kukhona "kokwanda" kunombolo emazweni kanye izifunda, lapho izinga lokuzalwa idlula izinga lokufa kakhulu (I-Asia, e-Afrika, Latin America). Kwamanye amazwe, kunalokho, it is fixed wenzalo iphansi kakhulu kanye ukuguga jikelele zesizwe (i-United States, eCanada, e-Australia, e-Western Europe).

Izazi eziningi zezomnotho ngokuthi "ukuqhuma lokubala ubuningi babantu" imbangela eyinhloko ubumpofu Imininingwane emazweni amaningi Third World. Okungukuthi, kuze kube kwenani labantu zisishiya ekukhuleni komnotho lezi uthi. Nakuba nabanye ochwepheshe bathi le nkinga ayixhomekile kangaka ekukhuleni labantu emhlabeni, kepha backwardness kwezomnotho kwamanye amazwe.

inkinga impi

impucuko Human, ngokwengxenye enkulu, akazange athathe noma iluphi izifundo kusukela Second neMpi Yezwe. Namuhla, ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba njalo manje bese phuma ezingxabanweni entsha futhi izimpi zendawo. Syria, Palestine, Republic of Korea, Sudan, Donbass, Nagorno-Karabakh - lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele "asobala" lanamuhla zomhlaba. Munye walemisebenti eyinhloko zezombusazwe yesimanje - ukuvimbela kunokwenzeka Okwesithathu iMpi Yezwe. Ngemva sekunezikhali zenuzi, kungaba ukuqeda masinyane kakhulu futhi ukushiya iplanethi elinganako ubuntu bebonke.

Inkinga zobuphekula - kungenye usongo olukhulu kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Ngandlela-thile, ke sekuwuphawu omubi leminyaka. New York, eLondon, eMoscow, Paris - cishe zonke izindawo amakhulu planethi e Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule ziye zazizwa sina usongo.

Inkinga ekungalinganini emphakathini

ukungalingani komphakathi - ke igebe ezijulile phakathi kwemali ngeniso ka iphesenti ezincane ocebile kakhulu futhi lonke abakhileyo emhlabeni. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, ngoba uma ubhekene nesimo esinjena emhlabeni sinezizathu ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• amaholo nokwehlisa zesigaba sabasebenzi;
• ngibalekela oligarchs ukukhokha izintela;
• Ukuhlanganiswa ibhizinisi amakhulu kanye nohulumeni.

Inkinga ekungalinganini emphakathini usukela ngokucacile kakhulu e-United post-Soviet, kanye emazweni ampofu zase-Asia naseLatin America. Lapha-ke nakanjani kuholela nobuphofu zezendlalelo ukusebenza sabantu - okungukuthi, ukungakwazi abantu zehluleka ukwanelisa izidingo zabo eziyisisekelo.

Inkinga "-Nyakatho-Ningizimu"

Lena enye inkinga yomhlaba wonke, okuyinto ngokucacile exhumene geography. essence yayo itholakala igebe ejulile kwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle phakathi kwamazwe asethuthukile namazwe asathuthuka. Kwenzeka isimanga ngoba yangaphambili ngokuyinhloko ebekwe esigabeni "enyakatho," noma (e-Europe nase-North America), kanti eyesibili - in the "eningizimu" planethi (e-Afrika, Asia le South yeMelika). Umngcele phakathi uthi kuboniswe kumephu elandelayo: blue ngesineke amazwe kunemibandela ocebile, futhi abomvu - babempofu.

Izibalo into engavamile: ezingeni imali emazweni ezinonileyo iplanethi ezikhathini 35-40 kunaleyo amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Futhi kula mashumi eminyaka amuva, igebe kuphela okwandisa.

Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Global

Izwi lesinqumo eziningi izinkinga oluhlelwe ngezihloko futhi esiphuthumayo lwesintu - yezinkinga eziyinhloko besayensi yanamuhla. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi isayensi - ngesimiso semvelo, i-physics, imithi noma geography. Phela, iningi ikhambi yinkinga yembulunga yonke kufanele abheke nje eslphambanweni eyala ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.

Ngo-1968, ku-isinyathelo we usozimboni Italian Aurelio Peccei esasungulwa inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuthi i-Club of Rome. Umsebenzi oyinhloko le nhlangano - ukuheha ukunaka emhlabeni ukuba izinkinga global lesintu. Minyaka yonke, i-Club of Rome ilungiselela umbiko emikhulu. Inhlangano inquma isihloko umbiko, kanye ngezimali ucwaningo oludingekayo.

Engakabi yayo, i-Club of Rome edlale indima enkulu ukuze ukutadisha uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kanye nokugqugquzela abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye harmonization ubudlelwane ohlelweni "indoda-indalo." Kuze kube 2012, iRussia kule inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni lalimelelwe physics futhi uthisha Sergei Kapitsa.

Ekuphetheni kuyafaneleka ukuthi ikhambi lwezinkinga zomhlaba - ke akubona kwezikhulu ngazinye, ongqongqoshe, noma ososayensi. Lokhu umthwalo uwela emahlombe wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, abakhileyo emhlabeni. namuhla Ngamunye kithi ukucabanga mayelana nalokho angakwenza ngqo inzuzo kule planethi yethu.