Iyini amandla mahhala we Gibbs?

I- Gibbs yamandla yamahhala yinkinga ebonisa ukuthi izinga lamandla lishintsha ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwamakhemikhali, futhi ngenxa yalokho linikeza impendulo embuzweni wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Amandla anjalo angathathwa njenge-total chemical energy of the system (liquid, crystal, njll). Amandla mahhala weGibbs asetshenziselwa kabanzi ekhemistry nase-thermodynamics.

Ukugeleza okuzenzakalelayo kwezinqubo ze- isobaric-isothermal kunqunywa yizici ezilandelayo: enthalpy ne-entropy. Okokuqala kuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kwe-enthalpy yesistimu, kanti okwesibili kungenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokuphazamiseka ngaphakathi kwesistimu ngenxa yokwanda kwe-entropy yayo. Umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezichazwe nge-thermodynamic futhi umsebenzi wezinhlelo zesistimu, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-potentialobaric-isothermal, noma i-Gibbs energy (G, kJ) yamahhala.

Imvelo yokuzikhethela yenqubo ohlelweni oluvulekile futhi oluvaliwe ichazwa ngumgomo okhethekile owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Gibbs onamandla. Empeleni, kuwumsebenzi wombuso. D.W. Gibbs, lapho esebenza nezinhlelo ze-thermodynamic, wathola lo msebenzi ngokusebenzisa i-enthalpy ne-entropy. I-Gibbs yamandla yamahhala isenza sikwazi ukubikezela ukuqondiswa kwenqubo yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kwayo ngendlela efinyelelekayo.

Ngokuphathelene nomthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics, iziphetho zikaGibbs zingenziwa ngendlela elandelayo: ngokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kokucindezela nokushisa ngaphandle kwethonya langaphandle, uhlelo luzogcina izinga lokugeleza okuzenzakalelayo kuphela ngezinqubo ezizokwenza ukunciphisa amandla aseGibbs ezingeni elizokwenzeka lapho kutholakala ubuncane obuncane. Ngakho-ke, ukulingana kwenqubo ye-thermodynamic inquma ukungena kwamandla mahhala. Ngakho-ke, ikhono lama-Gibbs liyi-enthalpy yamahhala ohlelweni lwe-isobaric-isothermal. Ake sichaze ukuthi kungani ubuncane buboniswa. Lokhu kuchazwa yi-postulate ye-equalibrium ebaluleke kunazo zonke ezise-thermodynamics, okungukuthi: lesi simo, ngaphansi kwesimo sokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo nokushisa, kusho ukuthi ushintsho olulandelayo luyadingeka ukwandisa izinga lamandla, futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma izinto zangaphandle zishintsha.

Futhi kusho ukuthini amandla mahhala? Ngalesi sisho kusho inqubo yokuthola inani elingenamkhawulo lamandla ngaphandle noma ngokusebenzisa imali encane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla athola ibhethri elanga, isitshalo samandla kagesi, i-generator yomoya, amandla angenalutho, ngoba asizange sisebenzise amandla ukuvumela imisebe yelanga ukuba iwele emhlabathini, amanzi emfuleni ageleza noma umoya uvunguza. Kunemithombo eminingi efana nathi eseduze nathi, iningi laso alingaziwa ngesayensi. Lapha, ngezikhathi ezithile, abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene nabahlolwayo "bahlangana" kubo. Enye yalezi zinto zenziwa amandla ka-Tesla. Njengoba usosayensi ayekholelwa, amandla ayithola atholakala ku-ether (i-vacuum). Kuyadabukisa ukuthi lokho okwakungenwe nakho akuzange kwenziwe ekuphethweni kwalo okunengqondo. Noma kunjalo, ukutholakala okunjalo kuqhubeka nokwenziwa, le nqubo ayikwazi ukumiswa. Kuze kube manje, kunamalungelo amaningi okugunyaza, okuyisisekelo saso amandla mahhala. Umdwebo womunye wala madivayisi unikezwe ngenhla.