Ukuzijwayeza eziphilayo imvelo. Ukuzijwayeza eziphilayo: izibonelo

Biology uyazi Ezimweni eziningi lapho ngephutha alishiye iqembu labantu main kungaba e namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva ukwakha look entsha lonke. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo endaweni efanayo lisaphila zezinhlobo kwezinhlobo umzali.

Nnemalo futhi izibonelo lapho zilwane kumele siphile kulesimo esiguquguqukayo njalo. Ngokuvamile ngaphansi "ushintsho" libhekisela Ukuwohloka Ngokuqhubeka izimpawu ezibalulekile. Uma abangaphandle kwale ukubukwa ububanzi ngokuvamile nje ziyafa.

sokusinda INGEMUVA

Ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi zinhlobo has a amathuba okusinda kuphela uma ngeke ngenkuthalo ukushintsha, uvumelane nezimo oguqukayo izimo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi speciation phyletic. Kulokhu, walibumba is hhayi kuphela ukuqina eziphilayo imvelo, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa entsha ngokuphelele izimpawu izidalwa esinemizwa.

Eplanethini yethu, kuze kube manje kunezigidi zilwane. Ingabe lokhu akubona ubufakazi bamandla ukuphila, kokuhlukana yayo njalo?! Ngeshwa, iminyaka eziyizigidi ezimbalwa edlule, izidalwa eziphilayo ebezinkulu kakhulu. Eziningana yeqhwa futhi izinxushunxushu njalo simo saholela yokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kwehle kakhulu. the uzivumelanisa nezimo kakhulu kuphela ukusinda.

izibonelo ebalulekile ezincwadini

Brilliant ofanayo izinhlaka eziphilayo nemisebenzi yabo kusukela kudala ukuheha ukunaka kwabantu: imizamo ukwakha glider nge iphiko esime inyoni, ukwakhiwa imikhumbi wabuka sifana umzimba zasemfuleni. Kodwa kakhulu ukubabulala ephelele, umdlalo obunobunye ukubukeka zezitshalo nezilwane ne imvelo kwendawo yazo yemvelo.

Yiqiniso, izibonelo alupheli. Yingakho kule athikili kungenzeka ukutshela kuphela ezinye izidalwa kabani izici nesimo sengqondo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze imvelo kusobala kakhulu futhi kukufakazela ngokucacile iqiniso Darwin.

izinyoni

Ngakho, umuntu okwase kuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ngokubaluleka coloration lokuvikela izinyoni futhi amatshwele namaqanda ngokukhethekile. Ngesikhathi capercaillie, grouse emnyama futhi partridges (lokushutheka evulekile) egg shell ihlangana cishe kahle ngemuva yasemaphandleni ezizungezile. Ngokuvamile, spin besifazane futhi izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka ezungezile lapho libhekwa ohlangothini. I mnandi Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinsikazi futhi amaqanda yezinyoni ukuthi isidleke emigodini nakwezinye izindawo ezifihliwe, ngokuvamile umbala kakhulu (i-zopholi efanayo, isibonelo).

izinambuzane

Futhi ziyini izici okuzivumelanisa imvelo babe isinambuzane? Phela, baningi kakhulu kunabantwana wonke amalungu alesi sigaba. Sicabanga ukuthi wonke umuntu uyazi umxhwele ukufana induku izinambuzane ne Amahlumela ezomile. Olunye ucwaningo kule ndawo isasetshenziswa ngamasosha endaweni "ihlathi" zokubhukuda ezimhlophe obscurant.

Nokho, izidumbu amacimbi amaningi zifana kakhulu amagatsha, futhi amaphiko izimvemvane ungathola imithi ihamba endaweni lapho behlala khona. Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuleli cala kukhona siyinhlanganisela avumelanayo benikela komzimba futhi benikela nombala ofanayo. Ezinye izimvemvane njengoba naleli sezwe ezizungezile, kunzima ukuhlukanisa kusukela amahlamvu, ngisho uhla close. Uma ucishe ukwazi biology, i-ukucabanga kahle zonke ukwehluka ekilasini izinambuzane. Uma ehlathini noma ensimini, ubona akukho kuka 2-3% we inani lawo. Abanye bavele simaskwe.

Kodwa! Akumele babecabanga ukuthi izibonelo lithathelwe eziphilayo evaleleke esingalindelekile banal. Cabanga umbala oluhambelana lapho anemibala egqamile, izinambuzane "amahle" njengoba isikhathi akuyona ezinezindaba ezizingelayo, njengoba kahle edibility zabo ngqo ezimbi. Ngakho, chickadee noma undlunkulu, izikhathi ezimbalwa ebusheni bakhe ezama ukuluma wokulwa nezimbungulu-sosha, ukuphila ngekhanda caustic, ukunambitheka kwabo anobuthi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici lithathelwe eziphilayo imvelo ihlanganisa futhi kulingisa. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kuyinto okusikhumbuza coloration zokuzivikela, kodwa "kunalokho". Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo ezithile abangakwazi ukuzivikela nabalimala ezidliwayo bangalingisa kahle sezinambuzane zinobuthi noma abe ukunambitheka ezinjengendle. Ngokwesibonelo, osovidnye siyashesha zifane kakhulu iminyovu, okuyizinto esabe ngisho nezinyoni eziningi. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lithathelwe eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo nje okufanayo oluhambelana, oluhambelana ngokwemvelo.

I ezincelisayo ephakeme

Konke lokhu kungabonwa isibonelo ezincelisayo ephakeme. Umbala we amadube kubonakala okukhanya ngisho kungazwakali ngaphezulu, ukuthi nje kahle kulandela alternation ukukhanya nezithunzi ehlozini utshani, okuvumela lezi zilwane imaski ezinhle Savannah. Abazibonele uqinisekise ukuthi abantu ongaqeqeshiwe ngezinye izikhathi awuboni ngisho amadube endaweni evulekile, kusukela ibanga 50-70 m.

Ezinye izici

Ezinye izidalwa kukhona nakakhulu lithathelwe isimanga futhi ngempumelelo kuze olwenzeka endaweni organismic. Sikhuluma lonwabu, futhi ulwe, okuyinto ungashintsha umbala emzimbeni, okwenza bona kube ukuhanjiswa zombala organic kule chromatophores isikhumba. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi coloration zokuzivikela , nezinye izinto zokuzivikela kakhulu ngcono ukusebenza kahle abo ngaphansi isimo yokuziphatha efanele. Lezi zihlanganisa reflex wokudamba, isinqumo yokuphumula ukuma, okuyinto ejwayelekile ye amaningi kwezilwane.

Inkinga ikuphi-ingabe lokhu ikhono nezidalwa eziphilayo?

Empeleni, lapho benza lithathelwe izinto eziphilayo ukuze imvelo? Ngokuvamile, esigabeni esedlule siye kakade wazizwa Darwin elikhulu: uma isilwane noma isitshalo basinde nokhahlo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ezinye izimo, kuba yizingane kuyoba ezivamile. Ngakho, imbangela eyinhloko kwezidalwa eziphilayo kwanoma iyiphi amadivayisi amasha nje ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Ake ukubonakala isibonelo esiwusizo, ukuxoxa ngokuphila komkhaya grouse ezihlala kule aphansi ihlathi kombhede.

izici kwesakhiwo

Masikhumbule izici eziyisisekelo isakhiwo sangaphandle zalezi zinyoni: Uqhwaku sifushane, akuvimbeli Peck ukondla ngokuqondile phansi ehlathini (kuhlanganise ne isembozo iqhwa); izinyawo - obukhulu insephe substrate, ngawo bakwazi ngokuphepha ukuhamba, ngisho in snow ejulile. Izici isakhiwo ipeni kubenza balale, nekhanda lakhe angcwatshwe iqhwa, futhi emfushane, amaphiko ezibanzi ukwenza grouse ambalwa izinyoni, elitholakala ngqo, kuyanda cishe mpo.

kwaba okunengqondo ngempela ukucabanga ukuthi okhokho babo amadivayisi anjalo kwakungamelwe emehlweni. Cishe, ngemuva kokushintshwa eziningi ezinye izici zendawo ezungezile (ukubanda Corny), ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zakulelo imvelo oguqukayo, kuhlanganise abandayo.

izinguquko inqubo

Ngokuqhubekayo kwakukhona ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo entsha e owela beka inhlanganisela bawo abahlukahlukene, futhi nenombolo wave kwenani wenza heterogeneous futhi uzinzile. Akumangalisi ukuthi lezi zinyoni sihluke nomunye ngenombolo zimpawu: ku iminwe othile fimbriae babe, kwabanye abantu mfushane uqhwaku namaphiko.

Yini sivezwe ukuqina eziphilayo imvelo? Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesikhathi okuqhubekayo interspecies umzukuzuku ukuze usinde kuphela labo izinyoni, nemingcele isakhiwo ziyavumelana kakhulu nezwe elizungezile. Ngo inqubo Ukukhetha bavele balishiye phansi inzalo ngaphezulu, futhi uvame ngasinda, futhi isamba esanele akha labantu entsha. Isizukulwane esisha kuletha ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo entsha futhi inqubo iyaphindwa kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ifaka izici ewusizo futhi izimfanelo

Ukuze ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile babephakathi kwalabo zazo kwagcizelela futhi kuvikelwe ukubonakaliswa izimpawu uvele ekuqaleni. Ngokwemvelo, izinyoni lapho lezi zinguquko ezabonakala, kwadingeka nethuba elingcono kakhulu hhayi kuphela ukuze basinde, kodwa futhi ukuze kamuva nokuzala. Ezizukulwaneni, + zonke lezi zibonakaliso kuthiwa zanqwabelana futhi fixed ngaphandle kukhona grouse emnyama, esikwaziyo namuhla.

ithiyori Lamarck sika eziphikisanayo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi imfundiso kaDarwin ngokuyisisekelo sihluke imibono eziye ukubeka phambili Jean Baptiste Lamarck ezaziwayo. Kugcine ngathi ukuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo ingase ishintshe ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo, kodwa kuphela isiqondiso okungukuthi kakhulu ewusizo kubo. Kodwa lokhu akunangqondo: uba yini umphumela engase ibe nomthelela ekubeni ameva onogwaja?

Kuphela ithonya kwemvelo bangachazela umsuka idivayisi ewusizo enjalo. Kusolwa ukuthi okhokho lelikhashane kakhulu ezhinyh iphuze, embozwe sezinwele ogrubevayuschim ngaphezulu. Hlala okufanayo ekuphileni futhi sizale futhi uthole izinzuzo labo "protoezhey" abangekho lucky ngokwanele ukuba babe ameva eside kakhulu futhi ezinzima.

Ezinye izibonelo "olunameva"

On ncamashi indlela efanayo waya "onogwaja ogcwele" eMadagascar. Sikhuluma mayelana ezinemishwe kanye izinhlobo ezimbalwa amagundane kanye hamsters Thistle.

Liyakushintsha lithathelwe izinto eziphilayo ukuze imvelo izimpawu okungenani ezinye ezivamile? Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi lo mshini lolu hlobo amadivayisi kuvamile zonke izimo: yokuthi avele hhayi kanye, hhayi izizukulwane elilodwa noma amabili. Kunalokho, ukubukeka kwabo - inqubo eside ngokungenakulinganiswa neyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaphezulu. Kufanele lakhohlwa ukuthi sisendleleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ugcwele amagatsha efile ekupheleni futhi akuphumelelanga "izixazululo lobuchwepheshe" nemvelo. Lokhu sizokwenza manje nixoxe.

ukuqina isihlobo

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka phambi lithathelwe kaDarwin yokuziphendukela izilwane imvelo wakhonza njengephayona ubufakazi ngazwi linye ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona futhi ukuhlakanipha engenakulinganiswa loMdali: kwakungenzeka kanjani nemvelo ngaphandle "ubuholi" okunjalo ukuhlela emhlabeni wonke kunengqondo kunjalo, ngendlela enokulinganisela!?

It wanqoba umbono wokuthi wonke isici noma ebehlala umzimba nakanjani ephelele futhi ncamashi oluhambisana umsebenzi elanikelwa kuso. Ngakho, i-side lezi mouthparts zibe izimvemvane kusiza ke ukumunca umpe kusukela ngisho kakhulu "kunzima" izimbali, izitshalo kanye lithathelwe imvelo ngesimo iziqu obukhulu Cacti nezinye amaSucculents kuthiwa Lifanele yokugcina amanzi isikhathi eside.

Ngeshwa, ososayensi ngisho eziningi zanamuhla siqhubeke aphathe uhlobo wokuba umqophi wezithombe abakhaliphile ngamunye indalo uphelele futhi bayona. Kodwa! Kubalulekile ukuba ukwenze kucace kakhulu ukuthi akunjalo!

Ucwaningo lwanamuhla okuzivumelanisa imvelo wabonisa ukuthi zonke izinguquko isihlobo njalo, kusukela fomu kancane kakhulu ushintsho yangempela zezemvelo. Ngakho, izici eziningi kungase kungadingeki, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ingozi emzimbeni, uma izwe imayelana ukushintsha.

ubufakazi mayelana

Ubufakazi yokuthi lithathelwe eziphilayo ngumqondo kakhulu, isihlobo kakhulu, kukhona izibonelo ezilandelayo:

• Kusukela abanye onogada isitha kuphumelela kakhulu, kodwa nezinye izilwane zibizwa kulondolozwa akukuhle ikakhulukazi. inhlanzi enobuthi uyakujabulela ukuncelisa ku iminenke, Izigaxa, futhi ezinobuthi amacimbi onoboya afake ekudleni kwakho cuckoo.
• Akubona bonke izilwane ikhaliphe ngempela Site futhi ngokwanele kuhlobene nezinga zezemvelo. Cabanga ngezinqwaba ezingasakwazi bhu, okuyinto ukuqoqa impova nge umbala okhanyayo, kuyabonakala ebusuku: injengomoya ngokushesha zishayeka amalangabi omlilo namakhandlela, nakuba befa ngesikhathi esifanayo.
• Ngemizimba amathuluzi kwelinye imvelo ukuthi ziwusizo ngempela, ziyingozi futhi kungaba ngisho nayingozi kwezinye izimo. Ngakho, le goose, ongazange ekuphileni kwakhe akazange awele emanzini, kukhona leWebhu ngezidladla.
• Ama-beaver, ezinye zezindawo ezingcono kakhulu "onjiniyela" ngokwemvelo, ngenkuthalo ukwakha idamu, ngisho amachibi amile namachibi okubhukuda, okuyinto kuwukuchitha amandla.

Ngokucace kwezinto kubonakala kunjalo zalezo zilwane ogama lenkaba sise komunye umkhawulo wonke, kodwa lapho kwangena ngomuntu ibe entsha ngokuphelele ngabo ndawo. Kalula nje, yingoba Uyinhloboni eyisihlobo nezimo of izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu nezinye kufakazela ukuthi imvelo akuyona ngahluleki njalo.