Ukungaqiniseki nokuba ingozi ekwenzeni izinqumo

Enterprise ukuphathwa, kanye, isibonelo, isimo inkinga bemvelo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, kungaba kwenziwe ikhumbula ukungaqiniseki olufanele kanye nezingozi. Kuyini ngokucacile zabo? Bangakwenza kanjani ibalwe?

Yini luwumgogodla ukungaqiniseki nezingozi?

Okokuqala, cabanga nomqondo ingozi nokungaqiniseki, indlela kungahunyushwa migomo zenhlalo ezahlukene.

Engozini siqondwa njengoba ematfuba okuvela kuyo umcimbi enqabayo noma engathandeki. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kuziwa ibhizinisi, kungaba ushintsho ezimweni ezimakethe, ukuze imiphumela ezomnotho ibhizinisi kuyoba kude elilungile.

Ngaphansi ukungaqiniseki libhekisela ukungakwazi thembeke ukubikezela okuvela kuyo umcimbi, kungakhathaliseki kungase kubhekwe indlela efiselekayo. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, ukungaqiniseki nezingozi okuxoxwe ngazo umongo kwezimo ezingezinhle. Isimo reverse - lapho akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukubukeka izinto ezinhle, akuvamile waqonda njengoba engaqinisekile, ngoba kulesi simo asikho isidingo ukunquma amacebo ukuphendula tintfo letihambisana nako. Ngenkathi ingaphansi zimo ezingezinhle ngokuvamile amaqhinga abanjena bayadingeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinqumo ezibalulekile zingenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo okungenakho ukungaqiniseki ingozi - kwezomnotho, nemvelo zezombusazwe. Masitadishe indlela lapho lokhu kungenziwa wafeza okwengeziwe.

Indlela ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki ingozi?

Ukwamukelwa izinqumo ezithile endaweni ebonakala ukungaqiniseki ingozi, wenziwa nokusetshenziswa imiqondo ukuthi zokunciphisa amaphutha noma zimo ezihlukene engathandeki. Le ndlela kungasebenza ezihlukahlukene ezimweni.

Ukungaqiniseki nokuba ingozi ehambisana izindawo eziningi zokuphila kwanamuhla. Izindlela ukuthi zisetshenziswa uma kudingeka ukunciphisa amaphutha labo noma nezinye izenzo kungenziwa okusekelwe:

- ku-ukuhlonza izici ezinzile okungaphazamisa isimo;

- ukuhlaziywa izisetshenziswa namathuluzi anawo umuntu owenza izinqumo ngesikhathi;

- Uma zichazwa lesikhashana izici engazinzile ukuthi futhi kungase kuthinte isimo, kodwa lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ezimweni ezithile (nabo kudingeka abhekwe).

Ezinye zezindawo lapho imiqondo abafanele anegunya ziphoqa - ukuphathwa. Kukhona umbono ukuthi ukungaqiniseki esimeningcondvo ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi - kwezinhlekelele, omunye oyinhloko. Lapha sithola, ngakho omunye ukuchaza inketho ethemini kokubuyekezwa. Esikhathini sphere umqondo ukuphathwa, lapho sitadisha lokho okushiwo yinkulumo izingozi ezihlukahlukene emkhathini kunemishini engu lalivamile. Ngakho-ke kuqakathekile ukuthoma, siqale sihlole indlela lapho ukungaqiniseki ingozi ziyabhekelelwa esinqumeni ukuphathwa izixazululo for the ibhizinisi.

ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi ngaphansi ukungaqiniseki ingozi

Kwezamabhizinisi, le ndlela evamile ukuba banqobe engaba negative ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

Okokuqala, abaphathi ukucacisa uhlu izinto oziphatha kungenziwa libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, intengo emakethe izimpahla noma amasevisi ithengiswe. Encwadini zamanani khulula kanye nasezingeni eliphezulu of mncintiswano kungaba yinkinga kakhulu oyingqayizivele ukubikezela indawo yawo. Kuthola okuvela kuyo ingozi ukungaqiniseki ngokuya okubhekwe ngenzuzo ngokuqinile. Inani layo bangase babe owanele ngenxa ukuwa amanani ukuhlangabezana nezibopho zakhe, noma, isibonelo, ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene brand ukukhuthazwa.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kuyanda kungalindelekile elibukhali amanani kungaholela zemali by isamba ngokweqile yemali lengenako enzuzweni lenkhulu. Yikuphi obekungase kube kunjalo - at Dynamics nalehleliwe ukuqhutshwa - Ukuphathwa kwamakhono abasebenzi kuzobandakanya iyitshalwa sesimanje izitshalo kanye nempahla noma nezimakethe ezintsha.

Ngemva into libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi mayelana nokuthuthuka ibhizinisi, ukubonakala, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukucacisa izici ezinomthelela ukuziphatha into. Zingase zibekwe izibalo sibonakalisa usayizi emakethe nokukhula mkhuba amabhizinisi asebenza ngendlela ingxenye ethile. Kungenzeka ucwaningo yezici yomnotho zezombusazwe.

Umqondo ingozi nokungaqiniseki, njengoba sibonile ngaphambili kulesi sihloko, ungakwazi ukuxhunywa ne izinqubo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukubala lapha kuthathwa njengenqubo, anhlobonhlobo izici. Ngokwesibonelo - yibo ehambisana emkhakheni wezezimali. Masitadishe indlela lapho sitadisha izimo okungenakho ukungaqiniseki engozini ekuthathweni phezu ukuthengiselana ehlukahlukene yezezimali.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza okungenakho ukungaqiniseki ingozi emkhakheni wezezimali

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi abaphathi ibhizinisi, ukuthuthukisa i algorithm ukwenza izinqumo zokuphatha, kuqala licubungufe into, okungase libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi, ngemva - ukuhlonza ezinquma ukuthi ematfuba okuvela izimo bangasebenza ngaphansi kwazo.

Kungashiwo okufanayo kwenziwa ngokuhamba ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwezimali. Emkhakheni yemali kuthengiselana into, okuyinto zingathonywa ukungaqiniseki (ubungozi - ikakhulukazi uma yayo), ngokuvamile kakhulu amandla wokuthenga capital. Kuye labo noma ezinye izimo, kungase ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla emnothweni isimo, exchange rate umehluko ekuhloleni lwemali kazwelonke. Yikuphi, lingabhalela zincike izinqubo vumelekile kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe.

Ngakho, endaweni izinqumo ezihlobene dolobha ukuphathwa, amazinga yokungaqiniseki (ubungozi - njengoba kuyimfihlo, bese ubuye futhi, kungase) kungenzeka amelwe emazingeni ehlukene.

Okokuqala, ezingeni Macro kwezomnotho (isib nokukhula kwe-GDP, ukuhweba ibhalansi, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali), kanti okwesibili, e izinkomba ezithile zezimali (njengoba nakuyicabanga, lwemali kazwelonke). kuwo womabili amazinga ezinquma ukuthi siyoba yini amandla okuthenga capital.

Ukuchaza into, libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi, kanye egqamisa izinto ezithinta zona, kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise indlela esiwusizo ngesinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo - elakhiwe abaphathi inkampani zezimali noma ochwepheshe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona eziningana izindlela. Phakathi ezivamile - ukusetshenziswa-matrix izixazululo. Sizokwenza silitadishe ngokuningiliziwe.

Matrix njengoba ithuluzi oluthandwa ukwenza ngaphansi kwezimo lobungozi nokungaqiniseki

Le nqubo okukhulunywa libhekene yizinhlobonhlobo wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke. Akuve eliphezulu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo phezu amaphrojekthi, izimpawu izingozi kwezomnotho nokungaqiniseki, futhi ngenxa yalokho ligcwaliswa ukuphathwa.

Matrix izixazululo kuhilela Ukukhetha elilodwa noma amaningi wabo ngesisekelo amathuba esiphezulu ukuchayeka into izici uchungechunge. Ingabe akhethiwe, ngakho isixazululo eyisisekelo - ibalwa iqoqo izici, futhi uma azisebenzi (noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyoba efanele), khona-ke indlela ehlukile ikhethwa. Okubandakanya ukuchayeka into isivele nezinye izinto.

Uma isixazululo yesibili kuyoba kwesifanele, lokhu okulandelayo kuyasebenza, nokunye, kuze kwenzeka kuziwa kukhethwa indlela, imiphumela okungenani ezifiselekayo, kodwa ukuyipha ngokuqondile. Kumiswa uhlu izixazululo - kusukela ephumelela kunazo okungenani ngempumelelo, kungaba kwenziwe nge ukusebenzisa izindlela zezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuqondanisa ukusatshalaliswa igrafu impendulo ematfuba isici inikezwe.

Imibandela okungenakho ukungaqiniseki ingozi kwakuthiwa nokwenzeka ukubala besebenzisa izindlela inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okungenzeka. Ikakhulukazi uma anawo umuntu ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo, kukhona izibalo ngokwanele ummeleli. Ekusebenteni, ukuhlaziywa komnotho kanye zezimali akha inqwaba nenqubo ngokuhambisana okungase kwenziwe ukunquma ematfuba izici ezithile nokucupha okungenakho ukungaqiniseki ingozi. It kuyoba usizo sihlole ezinye zalezi kabanzi.

Isimo sokunquma sokunquma ematfuba nokungaqiniseki ukuhlaziywa nezingozi

Okungenzeka njengoba isigaba zezibalo, ngokuvamile wezwakalisa njengoba amaphesenti. Ngokuvamile, akuyona inani elilodwa, sebuningini yalo - ngesisekelo salokho akhiwa izimo nokucupha izici. It kuvela ukuthi kunakwe kwenzeke eziningana futhi sum yabo 100%.

Umbandela main ekuhloleni ematfuba nokucupha yezizathu ezithile kubhekwa ukuba inhloso. Kufanele kusekelwa:

- kungase kutholakale ukuthi izindlela eziphumelelayo zezibalo;

- imiphumela ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo kwemininingwane amanani abalulekile idatha.

Ideal - uma bobabili ithuluzi ukuhlonza umnqopho isicelo. Kodwa umkhuba, esimweni esinjalo ngempela ezingavamile. Njengomthetho, izingozi kwezomnotho nokungaqiniseki kubalwa uma ukufinyelela elincane iqoqo ivolumu idatha. Lokhu kunengqondo: uma zonke izinkampani kwadingeka zithole ulwazi olufanele, akukho mncintiswano bekungeke kube phakathi kwabo, futhi ngabe abathintekayo ijubane ukuthuthukiswa komnotho.

Ngakho-ke, ugcizelela ukuhlaziywa izingozi kwezomnotho nokungaqiniseki amabhizinisi ngokuvamile ukwenze ngesici nezibalo ekubalweni Ematfuba. Izindlela ezingcono kuyoba inkampani efanele, inkampani iyoba wokuncintisana kakhudlwana emakethe. Cabanga-ke, ngo-izindlela ezingasetshenziswa azimisele ematfuba izimo kumiswa i nokucupha izici ukuziphatha lezinto maqondana nalapho kungase kube ukungaqiniseki isimo (ingozi - njengoba endabeni ethile ke).

Izindlela sokunquma okungenzeka

Ukubala okungenzeka kungaba:

- ngokuhlaziya izimo ejwayelekile (isb, lapho kuphela omunye izenzakalo ezimbili singenzeka nge ematfuba eliphakeme njengenye indlela: i-toss uhlamvu lwemali uwela amakhanda noma imisila);

- esebenzisa ukusatshalaliswa okungenzeka (okusekelwe amasampula idatha zomlando noma ukuhlaziya);

- esebenzisa ukuhlaziywa isazi ngezimo - ne ukubandakanywa Ochwepheshe abanolwazi abakwaziyo ukuhlola izici ukuthi sithonye ukuziphatha into.

Njengoba kuchazwe izindlela okungenzeka ukubala ngaphakathi ukungaqiniseki ekubaleni nezingozi uqhubeke ekuchazweni salo esisebenzayo. Masitadishe indlela lapho le nkinga ingaxazululeka.

Indlela ukunquma amathuba izenzakalo Akuqinisekwa umkhuba?

definition Engokoqobo Yezindaba Amathuba nokucupha isici ezithinta into esibonakala by ukungaqiniseki ingozi iqala ekwakhiweni okulindele eqondile into ehambisana. Uma sinjalo amandla wokuthenga we dolobha maqondana ekukhuleni kwayo kungalindeleka, nokugcina okufanayo noma ukwehla.

Okuphokophelwe yi-wezimali kuleli cala kungaba, isibonelo:

- ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye ekunqabeni nakwentiwa ku sesimanje ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi;

- Ukwakheka ngesisekelo izimali nge esitebeleni noma ezikhulayo amandla wokuthenga imiqulu ezengeziwe yemali lengenako enzuzweni lenkhulu.

Ake sithi wezimali ulindele inhlokodolobha - ngenxa yezizathu emali - namanje ukunciphisa amandla abo wokuthenga, ukuze kuyodingeka ukutshala izimali zami kule sesimanje ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi. Ngakho, ingozi (ukungaqiniseki) kulesi simo wukuthi imali ethe capital iyitshalwa kwempahla ketshezi, kanti amandla ayo okuthenga ungakwazi, ngokuphambene nalokho abakulindele, sikhule. Ngenxa yalokho - inkampani uzothola nomholo kancane babanjiwe. izimbangi zayo, esikhundleni salokho, ungasebenzisa inhloko-dolobha yabo ngokuyimpumelelo.

Njengoba kuchazwe okulindelwe mayelana negugu, libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi, kubalulekile ukuba uhlole isiqalo nesigcino zezici ezinomthelela ukuziphatha into ehambisana. Lezi kungaba:

- State yizinkomba zezomnotho (lekufaka leto letitsatfwe - emali ye lwemali kazwelonke, okuyinto thina kakade okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla);

- isimo emakethe kwafunwa ngu izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye capital (okuyinto ibalwa ukubaluleka amandla wokuthenga we dolobha webhizinisi);

- ukubuya zamafa Dynamics (okuyinto inquma amathemba yesikhathi sesimanje we izimpahla fixed lenkampani).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, besebenzisa izindlela zezibalo, ifemu sinquma degree enkulu kwethonya into yezici ezihlukahlukene ke ematfuba ukuthola ngamunye wabo.

Ngakho, ungase uthole ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi dolobha le nkampani ichithwa ukuthenga izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nezimali, kuyilapho bona ikakhulukazi amazwe ezazivela ngaphandle. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda noma ukwehla kwamandla ukuthenga imali kuzoncika ikhono kwenhlangano, okokuqala kunakho konke, Dynamics of the lwemali kazwelonke, futhi ngezinga elincane kusukela ezikhulwini zikahulumeni kuya izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali rate.

Imithombo yokungaqiniseki (ubungozi) kuleli cala uzoba imvelo komnotho omkhulu. Ngakho, kazwelonke exchange rate kuthinta ngokuyinhloko ibhalansi nokukhokhwa isimo, isilinganiso ngokuqondene nezimpahla kanye nezikweletu, lizinga debt umphakathi, inani ukuthengiselana usebenzisa lwemali emizaneni nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe.

Ngakho, amathuba izenzakalo engaqinisekile - ukwanda, ukongiwa e value esitebeleni noma ephansi ukuthenga dolobha umthamo ibalwa ngokuhlonza izizathu eziyinhloko ezithinta elihambisana izimo into definition iveni lezi zici, futhi okungenzeka yabo nesenzakalo (okuyinto yena, kungaya okuthonywa nayizimo nezinye ezingeni - kulesi simo, lezomnotho othuthukileko).

Ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ingozi

Ngakho safunda kungaba kwenziwe ekubalweni ematfuba okuvela nemibandela operation zezici sithonye ukuziphatha into, libhekene ukungaqiniseki ingozi. Luphinde ewusizo phambili ukuhlola indlela lapho ungenza izinqumo ayo ngaphansi kwezimo okungenakho ukungaqiniseki ingozi.

ochwepheshe Modern ziye zakhomba uhlu elandelayo ngemibandela okungase guided kohlaka imisebenzi enjalo:

- ematfuba abagcina ukusebenza komfundi;

- amathemba ekuzuzeni izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ongaphakeme nemingcele olucutshungulwayo;

- degree of ukuhlakazwa phakathi kulindeleke, ubuncane kanye namagugu esiphezulu.

Umbandela Eyokuqala ihilela ukuhlela ngokukhetha izixazululo, ukuqaliswa okungase kuholele umphumela elilungile - ngokwesibonelo, endabeni capital investment kuvulwa ifektri ukwenziwa TV amasethi e-China.

ukusebenza komfundi Kulokhu kungase kusekelwe zomlando idatha izibalo noma ukubala (kodwa based, futhi, phezu isipiliyoni esiwusizo wezazi abanquma). Ngokwesibonelo, abaphathi kungenzeka ulwazi inzuzo ukukhululwa TV ifektri e China ngokwesilinganiso imayelana 20%. Ngakho-ke, ukuvulwa ifektri siqu, futhi banelungelo ulindele inkomba ezifanayo ukusebenza capital ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, bakwazi ukuqaphela izimo ezingenza umuntu noma enye lenkampani akazange afinyelele lezi zinombolo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, baba ezingenanzuzo. Ngakho-ke, abaphathi ngeke kudingeke sicabangele simo njengoba imingcele zero noma ezingakhi.

Nokho, bezimali nazo ibika ukuthi abanye amafemu wakwazi ukufeza ukusebenza kokutshalwa kwezimali ezimbonini China e-ubukhulu 70%. Ukuphumelelisa sibalo ohambelana nakho kubhekelwe lapho senza izinqumo.

Ubungozi (ukungaqiniseki yi kuleli cala) lapho sicabangela kungenzeka imali kuvulwa ifektri e-PRC kungaba okuvela izimo kushiya izici kubathinta ezithinta into - izinga nenzuzo. Labo izici zingase ziholele ekutheni kube iqiniso lokuthi isibalo okuhambisanayo izokhombisa ukuthi akanalo igciwane. Nokho, imiphumela ezahlukene ingase ibe ukungaqiniseki nokufeza inzuzo 70%, okusho izinombolo okuye ngaphambilini izuzwe kwezinye ibhizinisi.

Esimweni lapho nesilinganiso negative waboniswa, ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, 10% ezimbonini Uvule eChina, izinga 70% izuzwe 5%, njengoba kulindeleke - 20% - Lalotshwa ezintweni imiphumela 85% namafemu, izimenenja kufanele kungathatha omuhle isinqumo mayelana imali ukuvulwa kwe-TV yokukhiqiza isitshalo e China.

Uma nesilinganiso omubi ngesisekelo idatha etholakalayo kuzolungiswa nokungu-30% ezimbonini, abaphathi unga:

- ukulahla umbono ukutshala embonini;

- ukuze uhlaziye zezici kungase yobandlululo ukusebenza kwe-investimenti enjalo nesizotha ukukhiqiza kuthelevishini.

Esimeni sesibili, izinqumo ukungaqiniseki kwezinhlekelele izobuyekezwa esekelwe isethi entsha ngemibandela ku isici okulindelwe amazinga elikhulu, esiphezulu kanye esincane. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundo Dynamics amanani okuthenga izingxenye - njengoba yezimbangela inzuzo. Noma - izinkomba izimfuno ukuthi emakethe, okuyinto enikeziwe ekhishwe efektri TV eChina.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, sanquma ubunjalo ezinjengokungcoliswa ukungaqiniseki ingozi ebhizinisini. Abakwazi agcwele ezihlukahlukene lezinto. Esikhathini sphere ibhizinisi ngokuvamile ikhono ukuthenga yebhizinisi, inzuzo, izindleko kulabo noma ezinye amanani kwempahla.

Ubungozi uvame zicatshangelwa abacwaningi njengoba icala ekhethekile yokungaqiniseki. Iveza amathuba ekufezeni umphumela engathandeki noma esingaqondile yimuphi umsebenzi.

Ubungozi nokungaqiniseki - imiqondo ezihlobene eduze negama elithi "okungenzeka", ezihlobene wezibalo. It sifana iqoqo izindlela ezikuvumela ukubala ukuthi okulindele kwemenenja kuyafaneleka uma kuziwa ibhizinisi, noma omunye umuntu othintekayo mayelana izici ezingase zithinte ukungaqiniseki ingozi ekuphathweni kwebhizinisi.