Ukubhala Arabhu: umlando, ikakhulukazi

Okwamanje, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka eziyisikhombisa yabantu abasemhlabeni wonke isebenzisa zokuxhumana yabo Arabic. Ukubhala isisetshenziswa uthi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili, futhi ukuguqulwa okuvamile izizwe India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran nakwamanye amazwe. Lapho sicabangela izici incwadi kungabonakala izinzuzo zakhe eziningi, kanye ubuhle umsindo wamazwi Arabhu kanye nenkulumo.

umsuka

Umlando zesi-Arabhu evela zamagama, obadalwa abaseFenike abahlala eLebanoni, eSiriya nasePalestina. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sizwe olwenziwa ubudlelwane bayo ukuhweba yonkana ogwini Mediterranean, incwadi yabo ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa amagama abaningi abahlala kule ndawo.

Ngakho, ngokubhala waseFenike sokuba tinkhombandlela eziningana, enye yazo - zamagama ngesiGreki, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, nangesiGreki. legatsha sayo sesibili wathola ukubonakaliswa kwayo ngolimi lwesi-Aramu, okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe isiHebheru eNabataea zamagama, okuyinto angena ukusetshenziswa ku BC ngekhulu lesibili ensimini ka Jordan yesimanje. Kamuva kwabonakala zesi-Arabhu.

ukuqhubeka

Kwaqinisa kakade kahle incwadi anjalo esikhathini sesine AD leminyaka, lapho zamagama kwamiswa ngokugcwele. Khona-ke kungenzeka ukulandelela zici ke ukuthi zinikwe inkululeko yesimanje Arabhu. Ngokwesibonelo, uphawu Kungashiwo okufanayo ezikhonjiswe ngesikhathi esisodwa phonemes ezimbili noma ezintathu kamuva abe ezahlukene usebenzisa amaphuzu diacritical. Ongwaqa zilotshiwe izinhlamvu Shaddaa, futhi kamuva waqala ukuvela unkamisa. Ukuvela lokubhala Arabic futhi kancane ngaphezulu liyadingeka ezinjalo abantu basendulo babengazi njengoba Semites, njengoba kwakunjalo Arabhu ezibolekwe yabo izinhlamvu ifomu.

Isipelingi baqala ukuvela kancane kamuva, lapho-ke kwadingeka ukuba alobe incwadi engcwele amaSulumane - ngobunyoninco. Ngaphambili, izimfundiso umprofethi Muhammad isatshalaliswa lulwimi lolukhulunywako, kamuva kwaholela ukuhlanekezela yabo. Ngemva kwalokho, ngenxa ithonya elikhulu Islam, le ncwadi isibe omunye ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Manje zingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi Afrika, eMelika Ephakathi West Asia, e-Europe ngisho Melika.

ngokubhala Izici

lokubhala Arabic iyafana Russian ukuze izincwadi nazo asetshenziswa kulo, kunokuba izinhlamvu. Amagama nemisho zilotshiwe kusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele. Esinye isici sale ncwadi ukuthi akanayo ofeleba. Zonke amagama, izwi lokuqala emshweni ifakwa ephepheni kuphela uphawu elincane. izimpawu zokubhala zibhaliwe ifomu okuhlanekezelwe, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi engavamile Abantu abakhuluma isiRashiya.

lokubhala Arabic ihlukile kwabanye abaningi ukuthi eshidini ukuboniswa kuphela ongwaqa kanye onkamisa eside futhi esifushane ngokuvamile kungaveli okuhloliwe kwaphinde kwakhiqizwa kuphela inkulumo. Kulokhu, akukho ukudideka uma afundza ayenzeki ngenxa yokuthi lezi imisindo elotshiwe usebenzisa superscripts ezahlukene kanye subscripts. zamagama Arab siqukethe 28 izinhlamvu. Kulokhu, 22 babo babe amafomu ezine emibhalweni yabo, futhi 6 - amabili kuphela.

Izinhlobonhlobo isitayela ekuseni

Izinhlobo ejwayelekile Arabhu ethulwa handwritings ezihlukahlukene eziyisithupha, ezintathu esasivela kancane ngaphambi abanye:

• Eyokuqala of them - kufi. He is endala futhi kusekelwe imithetho yejeyomethri, kuhlangene ngemihlobiso. Ngo ukuba kubhalwe le isitayela zisebenzisa imigca lecondzile, engele. Basuke isetshenziswa iphepha usebenzisa umdwebo amathuluzi. Ngenxa yalesi wesandla libhekene ukungaguquguquki nobukhosi, okukhulu futhi solemnity. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo lalisetshenziswa incwadi eyinhloko amaSulumane. Futhi lesi sitayela sekubhala lesingakahleleki kungabonwa ngisho zemali Arab kanye amathempeli.
• Kamuva ngabo uvele Suls. Ukuhumusha igama layo ngokoqobo Kuzwakala kuyisixazululo "ngxenye yesithathu", njengoba kuphawula kathathu ezincane kuno e Kufi. It ubhekwa wesandla zokuhlobisa. Ngakho-ke Suls ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa kakhulu e subheads ahlukahlukene nezikhalazo ezibalulekile. Isici esiphawulekayo kokubhala ngesandla incwadi yakhe nge ukubukeka lwalugobile nge ezinye izingwegwe ekugcineni kwabo.
• Nash. It yadalwa emhlabeni ekhulwini leshumi. Izici nobuntu isitayela kukhona "yaseZimbabwe" ezincane ovundlile, njalo wasekela ngezikhawu phakathi kwamagama. Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe it is ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa amabhuku nezincwadi ngokunyathelisa izincwadi amaphephabhuku.

Izinhlobo inkathi ngasekupheleni

Lezi izitayela ezintathu yasungulwa kancane umhla imibhalo eshiwo ngaphezulu. Lezi zihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zesi-Arabhu:

• Talik. Uvele isimo Iranian futhi ekuqaleni elalaziwa ngokuthi isiFarsi. Uma ubhala izincwadi zakhe kancane kancane uphume kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, ngakho-ke kungenzeka bacabanga ukuthi la magama ebhalwe ngokukhethekile ngokuphambeneyo. Kulesi isitayela, izinhlamvu abe ukuma bushelelezi. It is ikakhulukazi basakaza eNingizimu Asia, kanye e-India.
• Rika ngesandla. isisekelo salo izinhlobo lasendulo yekubhala. Ngokwezwi nezwi, igama elisho ukuthi "iqabunga kancane". Kuyinto isitayela kwetfulwe emfushane, kanye elula ukubhala, ngakho-ke livame ukusetshenziswa ukuthatha amanothi kanye ekhaya.
• Isitayela usofa. It livame ukusetshenziswa ihhovisi likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, isandla ezifana ngokubhala oda ezahlukene, izincwadi ezisemthethweni futhi ezinye izinhlobo ukuxhumana komphakathi.

isitayela omkhulukazi

Arabic ubhala lokhu nezilwane kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe kunoma iyiphi izinto eziqinile, itshe nensimbi. It kuyabonakala izimpawu zomhlaba ahlukahlukene kanye izikhumbuzo, kanye amathempeli, steles kanye zemali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umbhalo isici angularity nesikali, ngakho-ke kuyinto ebucayi wesandla ukubukwa. Lesi sitayela lisetshenzisiwe nto ngokuqhubekayo ubhala futhi avame sligovannosti.

Kusukela zonke lezi zindlela osekukhulunywe esingasondela isiphetho esinjalo ukuthi zesi-Arabhu kukodwa elula, uma ukufunda ngaphandle imizwa engadingekile nokwesaba e kulandzelana lokufanele.