Ukubalwa kwabantu labantu asebekhulile

Ngo nobukhulu eSoviet Union igama elithi "Ukucwaninga" futhi "izibalo" isikhathi eside kubonakala amqondo ofanayo. Mhlawumbe yingakho anecdote ngezinhlobo ngamathathu alawo manga (amanga, amanga okubi, futhi izibalo) ungezwa futhi mayelana izifundo yezibalo. Ukucwaninga amanani ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi kusukela lesiGreki ngokuthi "incazelo zabantu", kodwa isimo Igama lesiLatini (yakheke okuyindawo by izibalo izwi.) - "eziyimbangela" Akunzima ukubona ukuthi amazwi ngokuphelele ezahlukene kokubili value futhi imvelaphi. Yini futhi ongamtshela cwaningo lokubala ubuningi babantu?

Ukubalwa kwabantu asebekhulile abasemhlabeni

Ukucwaninga Olungokoqobo study isimo ezindaweni ezikhethiwe, ihlaziya Amathrendi kanye izitayela abasafufusa ngokwezinga lembulunga yonke futhi uthi ngabanye. Lolu cwaningo wadalula kwezakhi etindzaweni letihlukene tekuhlalisana, amaqembu eminyaka. Ngokusekelwe ucwaningo Imiphumela avele phambili izinkomba 1, 5, 10, ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka engu-50 ngaphambili, echaza simo cishe isimo esikhathini esizayo.

Izibikezelo izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene kwezibalo ukukhuluma ngokukhula inexorable of isibalo sabantu abaneminyaka engama 65 emhlabeni wonke. Okuhle noma okubi - kunemibono ehlukene. The kungenzeka inqubo enjalo umkhankaso inguquko "isiko zokuphila futhi ukukhiqizwa": ukufinyelela emfundweni, ukuchuma isihlobo, ukuthuthukiswa imithi, ngcono isimo sanitary epidemiological, izimo zokusebenza ku izimboni. Konke okungenhla kunomthelela prolongation yokuphila komuntu, okuyinto yena, ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko sabantu ukuguga ngemikhuba yezwe.

Izigaba futhi izinkomba of izifundo lokubala ubuningi babantu

Cishe bonke ucwaningo buyisigaba iqoqo idatha, incazelo kanye nencazelo ezincwadini imiphumela. Abayona ngaphandle futhi izifundo yezibalo. Umthombo oyinhloko idatha ukubalwa kwabantu, Nokho, aphethwe kanye survey micro-isampula futhi ukugqamisa izinto ezithile zomphakathi, umnotho nakwezepolitiki ezinomthelela isimo esifundeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, le izifundo ezichazwe labantu kanye uhlaka lwayo: yobudala, ubulili, ubuzwe, inkolo kanye nolimi, emsebenzini, kanye lezemfundo. Ukunakwa ikhokhelwa kwenani labantu zemvelo nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, ezingeni engenayo amaqembu athile kanye nabantu. Zonke izincazelo abazenzi ngenhloso yokusungula olunembile, ikhumbula isibalo esiphezulu izici ezinomthelela, imfundiso phezu kwayo, esikhathini esizayo, abeke phambili ekuthuthukiseni imibono eyayisinesikhathi kanye kumiswa umphakathi.

Izibalo zabantu njengoba isayensi evamile ihlukaniswe esisemthethweni, kohlaziyo, zomlando, lwezenhlalo, lempi.

• Ukucwaninga loluhlelekile iye ucwaninga ingxenye ambalwa zonke izinqubo kanye umthelela wabo ukukhula noma ukwehla kwenani labantu.
• Analytical - ukuhlola ubudlelwano kanye amaphethini ithonya, imbangela nemphumela izimo obuphathekayo umphakathi. Benza ucwaningo ezingeni izindlela zezibalo, kanye ngosizo yokwakheka nokulandelana ukubikezela. Ukucwaninga Analytical uhlola umthelela sezulu izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko esifundeni nobudala izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu. Akumangalisi ukuthi ukuvela sabantu asebekhulile ngokuqondene isimo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho wamanje, abacwaningi bamanani abantu bathi akuyona kweshumi iminyaka yokuqala.
• Ukucwaninga umlando wamanani abantu izifundo zokuhlola imicimbi ephathelene nabantu kanye namanye ngokuqondene nokuwa sabantu ezindaweni wafunda. Ngokusekelwe ucwaningo eqoqwe futhi lusetshenziswe u-Adalberto isikhathi eside (emashumini), ukubeka phambili ngokuvamile theory kanye nama-bahlanganise esungulwe amaphethini zomlando. Siyabonga kubo, futhi sebekwazi ukubikezela ukuguga yomphakathi jikelele.
• Ithonya mutual Ukucwaninga kanye kwabantu etadisha Ukucwaninga nomphakathi. Kusukela ifomu odlule ezahlukene izenzakalo cwaningo ezingeni micro (umndeni, eziseduze, ungubani). Iveze Ukucwaninga yezenhlalakahle nomphakathi zengqondo, izinkambiso, ukuziphatha kuthinta izindlela zocwaningo: izingxoxo, izivivinyo, ukuhlola kanye nokunye ..
• emininingwaneni yabantu Military etadisha izici ezihlukahlukene ukuthonya eziyimbangela lempi umnotho. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba libhekisela cubungula yokugqugquzela labantu abalwa ezimpini, kungenzeka lezakhamuzi ezafa njengoba izisulu nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, imiphumela impi esifundeni. Lokhu Ukucwaninga kwesigaba ihlobene eduze isayensi lezempi.

Population, ukukhiqiza kabusha uhlelo zokuzala - izigaba eziyinhloko ufundwa isayensi embuzweni. Isihloko labantu asebekhulile kuthintwa ngokuqondene nokutadisha ubulili nobudala yokwakheka labantu esifundeni. Imfundiso uhlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo: bakudala, umile kwamaciko (cishe ziphinde zenzeke ngefomu okumsulwa).

• Ukuze uhlobo lokuqala ubonakala ngezimiso eziphakeme nokuzalwa nokufa amazinga. It kungabonakala izizwe zakwa-Afrika, lapho izingane musa ukubhalisa baze bafinyelele eneminyaka eyishumi (ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu ukufa kwezinsana rate).
• Uhlobo lwesibili, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ngowokuqala waphawula nenzalo ongaphakeme futhi ngokwempilo yangenyama. Lesi simo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni emazweni athuthukile, futhi ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi esikhathini umphakathi post-ezimbonini.
• Okwesithathu, uhlobo kwamaciko libhekene ngokwempilo yangenyama okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi aphansi okuzala ngesilinganiso (waphawula phakathi nokuhlinzwa yezempi kuleli lizwe).

Ithemu ukuguga lokubala ubuningi babantu kubhekwa njengendlela isilinganiso amaqembu amathathu yobudala nabakhileyo esifundeni: umuntu ongaphansi kweminyaka engu-15 yokusebenza yobudala labantu ubudala, abantu emva kweminyaka 60-65. I predominance leqembu yokugcina eminyakeni yokuqala 10-15% njalo sibizwa ngokuthi ukuguga lokubala ubuningi babantu sabantu. Ngo-mbono, imodeli sokuqanjwa elilungile sabantu lapho intsha ekhubazekile-20%, abasebenzi - 65%, abantu abakhubazekile kukhona umhlalaphansi ngineminyaka engu-15%. Leli cebo kubhekwa enhle ngokuqondene ukusatshalaliswa abangabasiza ngemithwalo yezimali labantu abasebenzayo (ngokusekelwe 1000 500 abasebenzi abakhubazekile). Ngakho-ke, ezinye okungu ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengomunye ngokudala i umthwalo ngokweqile, okubenze bafinyelela ukuwa kwezomnotho.

Izici isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu eYurophu

imiphakathi Aging ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile kukhona zokugcina amahlanu. Umthelela kule umkhuba izinto eziningi:

• ngcono ukunakekelwa kwezempilo;
• okwandisa bempilo;
• Izinga lokuzalwa;
• isimo somnotho kanye setepolitiki kuleli zwe.

A isimo esikahle sokuxoxa ukuvela okuthiwa umnotho esiliva. Ingqikithi yalo iwukuba ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abadala yezinsizakalo zethu, imikhiqizo kanye nokugcina izinga lempilo ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo futhi izindlela imodeli kwezomnotho. Omunye izingxenye emnothweni Isiliva okungukuthi, ngokukhethekile, ukufakwa - igama elisetshenziswe kaningi kule minyaka yamuva in the post, kodwa waphakamisela idabukile emongweni futhi olimini ingxenye ehluke ngokuphelele sabantu.

Emazweni European ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene nezindlela okudambisa yesikhwama sempesheni:

• Ngokwemvelo eyaphakanyiswa engu umhlalaphansi (ngokuletha engu umhlalaphansi iminyaka engu-70 sihlelwe esikhathini esizayo);
• ezifundeni eziningi ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa ubude obuncane yesevisi isilinganiso esiphansi iminikelo zikhokhelwe isikhwama sempesheni;
• asuse umthwalo phezu izimali zempesheni uthi uzama ngosizo yangasese ukonga ezifakwa kwabahola impesheni ukuthi zikhulule ngamanye izilinganiso up 2% we-GDP (njengamanje uthi European ukuchitha-15% we-GDP ukusekela izimali zempesheni);
• wasungula uhlelo of "ukuguga asebenzayo" ezindaweni ezahlukene, okuyinto ihlose ukusiza abantu ukuba ahlale isikhathi esijana emkhakheni wetisebenti kanye umhlalaphansi kamuva;
• Amanye amazwe ukuhlola itoho impesheni, abantu abasebenza amahora nezimo futhi wamukele ngokwengxenye iholo futhi ngokwengxenye - impesheni (poll abonisa ukuthi leli fomu umsebenzi ikhange-68% wabantu abadala eYurophu).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlelo esebenzayo ukuguga labantu athandwa nasebekhulile futhi ukusebenza ngo cishe zonke izindawo eYurophu. Inkinga eyinhloko amazwe zone euro hhayi ukuguga ekunqabeni lokuzalwa izinga ukuthi isekelwa imisebenzi efana izingane zingafundiswa ngokwanele ngobulili kusukela enkulisa yobudala, ukwesekwa kanye labo abagqugquzela ubutabane, ifilosofi odumile "Ezinganeni khulula" nokunye. D. Noma kunjalo, konke okungenhla is akubone imihlola njengoba eziyinkinga kwaba nemiphumela ehambisana.

Dynamics lokubala ubuningi babantu eRussia

ERussia ukubikezela sabantu asebekhulile ngo-2020, kodwa, kuze kube manje, kuncike ratio izakhamuzi enamandla futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-zinikeza nethemba (eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-15 ubudala - 15.2%, kuze kube iminyaka engu-65 - 71,8%, ngemuva 65 - 13%). isignali okwethusayo ongakhonza ukwehla yonyaka e wenzalo kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa (endaweni Ingxenye kusukela izinsana). Yemvelo kwenani labantu akuyona ngonyaka wokuqala lihlala ezimbi. Aging sabantu eRussia, singasho ukuthi isheshe itholakale, kodwa ijubane le nqubo sikulindele okungenzeka ongaphakeme.

Isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu e South-East Asia

Nga-2030, it esivezwa eqa omkhulu sabantu asebekhulile lamazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngisho nanamuhla, entendeni esikalini kwezibalo kungokwalabo Japan. Yesikhathi eside, inqubomgomo China sika "umndeni owodwa - nengane eyodwa", futhi kuthinta ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono ukuze ngobudala nobulili yokwakheka isizwe. I ubuhlungu yamuva kunqubomgomo umndeni China ngeke ngokushesha izithelo. Kuze kube manje, kukhona ukungalingani oqinile inani lamadoda nabesifazane (bebheke kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo amadoda). Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe inqubomgomo ngaphandle ohlelweni yempesheni isimo (ukuqinisekisa abazali watala indvodzana, okwaholela inani elikhulu kwezisu, uma abazali ukwazi ubulili wengane (intombazane)).

Umthelela ushintsho kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho e isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu esifundeni

Izibonelo angenhla umfanekiso ocacile yomthelela we isimo ezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye sendawo Ukwakheka lokubala ubuningi babantu labantu esifundeni. containment Mechanical zokwenyuka kwenani labantu, njengoba kuboniswa umkhuba Chinese ayikwazi okuholela umphakathi ukuba ukuchuma kwathatha umphakathi post-ezimbonini, kodwa kudala izinkinga zabo isixazululo kungathatha iyiphi eyishumi eyodwa, futhi mhlawumbe zidinga izinyathelo ezinqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le "ilayisensi social" amazwe asethuthukile European ukuhola isimo kuya zihilela efanayo, ne umehluko ukuthi "abancane nabadala" ezwekazini laseYurophu zinenkululeko eyengeziwe ekukhetheni indlela yokuphila.

Climate ithonya ukubunjwa sabantu, izinhlekelele zemvelo nezenziwe abantu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo

Against isizinda umkhakha yezokwelapha, okutholwe yisayensi sabantu asebekhulile ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile akubukeki sengathi isici ebulalayo kule ukuwa kwezomnotho. Nokho, izinguquko zabo njalo esenziwe ezinjalo "izenzakalo engahlelelwe" njengoba inkinga yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, izinhlekelele zemvelo nezibangelwa abantu.

Uma sicabangela ezenziwe umuntu inhlekelele, ngokuvamile kuholela kubo ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nezinhlekelele zemvelo (iziphepho, izivunguvungu, izikhukhula, imililo amagagasi ukushisa, nokunye. D.). Nokho, "Izinto ezenziwa abantu" kuyinto phambili. Njengoba isibonelo inhlekelele ezenziwe umuntu okulethwa izinhlekelele zemvelo kubangelwa kungabangela ingozi emgwaqeni esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi Fukushima-1, intuthuko Bantyao edamini 1975 (China). Le ngozi iye yabathinta iningi labantu emhlabeni phezu Deepwater Horizon (eGulf of Mexico), endaweni yesikhulumi (noma ezinye okunqumayo ayengumuntu noma yemvelo, akubonakali ukwazi namuhla kungenzeka).

Zonke inhlekelele "ukuqoqa" izivuno ezimbili ngokushesha futhi yesikhathi eside. Instant obonakaliswe ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho, kusizwe izisulu zesikhukhula, kodwa eside (ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka osheshayo) sivezwe kula zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zezombangazwe (ngisho yenkolo) okuthandwa umphakathi. isiqinisekiso Colorful kulamagama zingakhiqiza imiphumela kweSiphepho uKatrina, yesikhathi eside "intela" okuyinto lusaqhubeka.

inqubomgomo Migration Europe

izifundo abaningi basikisela ukuthi labantu ukuguga marker isimo nenhlalakahle, kanye nokwehla wenzalo is wabizela yilo ukwanda kwesikhathi sokuphila futhi isimiso bakwazi. Nokho, naphezu kwalezi ukugomela, Europe njalo ilungisa labantu ngezithukuthuku abasebenzi. izinqubomgomo Migration kufanele aphathwe futhi elawulwa ukuziphatha, okuyinto akulona wave zokugcina "ayehlasela zabezinye izizwe 'aye ezweni EU. BaseYurophu sebenzisa imodeli rotary, okubandakanya ukubuya kwababaleki ezweni lawo lapho efinyelela kokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Izigigaba ezisanda kwenzeka sifanekise ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento nokwenziwa uyeza labantu, futhi kuphela ukubuya zokuzithandela bo dlozinga akunakwenzeka.

inqubomgomo Migration ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union

I elaliyiSoviet Union, yonke into ibukeka kancane ezahlukene. Ziyaqhubeka ethuthuka okuthiwa zabasebenzi kufuduka (umsebenzi amashifu nge engekho isisebenzi endaweni yendlu izinyanga 10-11). Eqinisweni, izisebenzi ekhaya like endaweni yokungcebeleka. Shift senzeka ikakhulukazi emizini abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi, ezindaweni zokwakha, izimboni, izimayini benethuba kuthuthwa eduze indawo yabo yomsebenzi. Umehluko phakathi le nqubomgomo yokufuduka European ngalolo awusebenzelayo ukuheha ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe (njengoba e-US) kanti abafanele angisebenzi. amazwe Post-Soviet ngenxa yezimo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe ungayiboni isidingo abasebenzi ephansi letinemakhono simemo futhi umane abondliwa, ikakhulukazi njengoba namarhubhelo wokungasebenzi kwezinye izindawo alikutjheji $ 20 ngenyanga.

inqubomgomo kufuduka China

China ebhekene isidingo ukwandisa insimu, okwaphumela yokuqasha umhlaba uthi eduze. Uhulumeni ukhuthaza abafundi labantu ukuthi uthuthele kwamanye amazwe, futhi imishado namanxusa amanye amazwe, ngoba isibalo sabesifazane e republic kakhulu ukubuyeka sabantu besilisa. Kuyacaca ukuthi kwenye indawo kwe ezinjalo akusho ukubuya China eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni engu-65. ukuhlela Chinese emazweni akude, ihlale ngokwahlukana, ngokuvumelana nemithetho yawo, okuyinto kuholela esiphethweni mayelana zokungazimiseli ukwamukela isiko kanye namasiko amazwe abahlala kulo, kanye ukunwetshwa methodical, ngemiphumela engase kwakukubi ngaphezu European kufuduka crisis.

Ukuhluka samanje lokubala ubuningi babantu ukuthuthukiswa isimo

Eqinisweni, ukuguga sabantu ngokumelene ingemuva esitebeleni lokuzalwa isilinganiso (izinga izingane 2 owesifazane ngamunye), okubonisa ukwanda lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila, induduzo yayo, kungashiwo, kunalokho nkomoni. Singasho uyingozi umkhuba lapho izinga lokuzalwa luyanda njalo ngonyaka, kodwa labantu lehla ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezinga elifanayo. Okuhlukile kumiswa isimo sabantu, kukhona abaningi, bayehluka kuphela ezicini eziningana kubonelelwe kwenta tinhlaka kubo. Nokho, kunento eyodwa eqinisekile - labantu emhlabeni kuyodingeka ukuba aphinde acabange isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze engu isikhathi babantu isikhawu iminyaka 64-100 futhi ufunde ukwamukela "izipho ukuvuthwa" nesipiliyoni.