Ubani owasungula ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing? Imibuzo yokuhlola ye-Turing

Mhlawumbe, namuhla akekho umuntu onjalo okungenani owangezwanga ngomqondo onjalo, njengokuhlolwa kuka-Alan Turing. Mhlawumbe, iningi, ngokujwayelekile, likude nokuqonda ukuthi yini uhlelo lokuhlola olunjalo. Ngakho-ke, sizohlala kuwo ngokuningiliziwe.

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kweTuring: umqondo oyisisekelo

Emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-40 ekhulwini lokugcina, ososayensi abaningi babefunda izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa komshini wokuqala. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungomunye wamalungu eqembu elithile elingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni Ratio Club, owacwaninga emkhakheni we-cybernetics, wabuza umbuzo ophelele: Kungenzeka yini ukudala umshini ongacabanga njengomuntu, noma okungenani ulingise ukuziphatha kwakhe?

Ngidinga ukuthi ngubani owasungula ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing? Akusobala. Ngokwesiqalo sokuqala komqondo wonke, okusemqoka, isimiso esilandelayo sithathwe: Ingabe umuntu, isikhathi esithile, uzoxhumana nomxhumanisi ongabonakali ngezihloko ezihluke ngokuphelele, anqume ukuthi ubani ongumuntu wangempela noma umshini phambi kwakhe? Ngamanye amazwi, umbuzo awukona nje ukulinganisa ukuziphatha komshini komuntu wangempela, kodwa futhi ukuthola ukuthi angazicabangela yena. Ngokungangabazeki, le nkinga ihlala ingavumelani kuze kube manje.

Umlando wendalo

Ngokuvamile, uma sicabangela ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing njengesimiso somqondo sokuqaphela amandla "omuntu" wekhompiyutha, kufanele kuthiwe ukuthi isisekelo esingavamile sokudalwa kwayo kwakuyisitatimende esinqumayo somfilosofi u-Alfred Ayer, owasivuselela ngo-1936.

U-Ayer ngokwakhe ufanise ukuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu abahlukene, ngokusho, futhi ngesisekelo salokhu waveza umbono wokuthi umshini ongenamandla awukwazi ukudlula noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa, ngoba awukwazi ukucabanga. Ngcono kakhulu, kuyoba amanzi ahlanzekile okulingisa.

Empeleni, kunjalo. Ukwakha umshini wokucabanga, ukulingiswa okukodwa akuwanele. Ososayensi abaningi kakhulu njengesibonelo bahola abazalwane bakaWright abakha indiza yokuqala, beyeka ukuthambekela kokulingisa izinyoni, okuyinto, ngendlela, eyayihlukile kumuntu onjengoLéonardo da Vinci.

I-Istria ayisho ukuthi ngabe u-Alan Turing ngokwakhe (1912-1954) ngokwakhe wayazi ngalezi zikhundla, kodwa ngo-1950 waqoqa uhlelo lonke lwemibuzo engakwazi ukucacisa izinga elithi "humanization" lomshini. Futhi kufanele ngithi, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusekhona okuyisisekelo, noma kunjalo, uma sekuvivinywa, isibonelo, ama-computer bots, njll. Empeleni, isimiso senziwa ukuthi yizinhlelo ezimbalwa kuphela ezakwazi ukudlula ukuhlolwa kweTuring. Futhi-ke, "dlula" - uthe ngesikhala esikhulu, ngoba umphumela wokuhlola awuzange ube nesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-100, okungcono - okungaphezu kuka-50 kuphela.

Ekuqaleni kokufunda kwakhe, usosayensi wasebenzisa yena ngokwakhe. Kwabizwa ngokuthi "umshini wokuhlola we-Turing." Njengoba zonke izingxoxo kwakufanele zenziwe kuphela efomini elinyathelisiwe, usosayensi wacela iziqondiso eziningana eziyisisekelo ngokubhala izimpendulo, njengokuhambisa umtapo oshicilelwe kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla, ukunyathelisa uphawu oluthile, njll.

ELIZA no PARRY izinhlelo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlelo zaqala ukuba zinkimbinkimbi, futhi ezimbili zazo, ezimweni lapho kuhlolwa khona ukuhlolwa kweTuring, kwabonisa imiphumela ehlabayo ngaleso sikhathi. Laba ngu-ELIZA no-PARRY.

Ngokuqondene "u-Eliza", owadalwa ngo-1960: ngesisekelo sombuzo, umshini kwakufanele athole igama eliyisisekelo futhi ngesisekelo senze impendulo ephendule. Yilokho okwenza kube lula ukukhohlisa abantu bangempela. Uma kwakungenalo igama elinjalo, umshini ubuyisele impendulo ejwayelekile noma iphindwe enye yezingaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwesivivinyo sika "Eliza" kusengabazaza, ngoba abantu bangempela abaxoxisana nohlelo baqale baqeqeshwa ngokwengqondo ngendlela yokuthi bacabanga kusengaphambili ukuthi bakhuluma nomuntu, hhayi imoto.

Uhlelo lwe-PARRY lufana no-Eliza, kodwa lwakhiwe ukufanisa ukuxhumana kwe-paranoid. Yiziphi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, iziguli zangempela zemitholampilo ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwazo. Ngemuva kokurekhoda izingcaphuno zengxoxo kwimodi ye-teletype, zihlolwe yizifo zengqondo. Amaphesenti angama-48 kuphela angakwazi ukuhlola kahle ukuthi umuntu ungubani, nokuthi umshini ukhona.

Ukwengeza, cishe zonke izinhlelo eziqhubekayo zisebenza ngesikhathi sokuthi isikhathi esithile senzeke, ngoba abantu ngalezo zinsuku babecabanga ngokushesha kunomshini. Manje-ngokuphambene nalokho.

Ama-Supercomputers Deep Blue no-Watson

Ukuthakazelisa ngokwanele ukubuka ukuthuthukiswa kwe-IBM, okungesiyona into yokucabanga, kodwa kunamandla okucubungula okunamandla.

Mhlawumbe, abaningi bakhumbula ukuthi ngo-1997 i-supercomputer Deep Blue inqobe imidlalo engu-6 e-chess ngaleso sikhathi-iqhawe lomhlaba jikelele uGarry Kasparov. Eqinisweni, ukuhlolwa kwe-Turing kusebenza kulo mshini kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Into yukuthi ekuqaleni yayibekwe ama-templates amaningi amaqembu anenani elingavamile lokuchazwa kokuthuthukiswa kwezenzakalo. Imoto ingalinganisa ukuhlelwa kwezikhundla zezigidi ezingu-200 zamanani ebhodini okwesibili!

I-Computer Watson, enamaprosesa angu-360 namaseva angu-90, iwine umbukiso wegeyimu waseMelika, eweqa yonke imingcele yabanye ababambiqhaza ababili, okwathi, empeleni, bathole umklomelo wemali engu-1 million. Futhi, lo mbuzo uphikisana, ngoba iminyango emihle ye-encyclopedic yafakwa emshinini, futhi umshini uhlaziye umbuzo ngokuba khona kwegama elingukhiye, izilinganiso noma izenzakalo ezijwayelekile, bese wanikeza impendulo efanele.

Emulator u-Eugene Goostman

Esinye sezenzakalo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kule ndawo kwakuyihlelo luka-Odessa Eugene Gustman nomlingisi waseRussia uVladimir Veselov, manje ohlala e-US, olingisa umfana oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala.

Ngo-Juni 7, 2014, uhlelo lwe-Eugene lwalubonisa amandla akhe okugcwele. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ama-5 nabantu abangu-30 bangempela bahlanganyela ekuhlolweni. Kuphela kwamacala angu-33% angamakhulu ama-juries anganquma ukuthi lena ikhompyutha. Iphuzu lapha ukuthi umsebenzi wawuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi i-intelligence yengane iphansi kuneyomuntu omdala, nolwazi oluncane.

Imibuzo yokuhlolwa kukaTuring yayingokwemvelo, kodwa-ke, ku-Eugene (Euegene) kwakukhona imibuzo ethile mayelana nemicimbi e-Odessa, engeke ilahlekelwe yimuphi umakhelwane. Kodwa izimpendulo zangenza ngicabanga ukuthi ijaji laliyingane. Ngakho, isibonelo, uhlelo luphendule umbuzo wokuhlala ngokushesha. Ikhodi yacelwa ukuthi ngabe umxhumanisi wale namba noma leyo nombolo wayedolobheni, lolu hlelo luthi akafuni ukukhuluma ngakho. Lapho i-interlocutor ezama ukuphoqelela ingxoxo ngokuvumelana nalokho okwakwenzeka ngempela kulolo suku, u-Eugene waziphika ngokusho ukuthi kufanele azi ngokwabo ukuthi yini okummele ayicele yona? Ngokuvamile, umshini womntwana waba yimpumelelo kakhulu.

Noma kunjalo, kuseyi-emulator, hhayi isidalwa sokucabanga. Ngakho ukuvukela kwemishini ngeke kuthathe isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Uhlangothi olungezansi lwemali

Okokugcina kuqhubeka ukwengeza ukuthi kuze kube manje akukho mfuneko yokudala imishini yokucabanga esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Noma kunjalo, uma izinkinga zokuqashelwa ngaphambilini zihlobene nemishini, manje ukuthi awusona umshini, kufanele uqinisekise cishe ngamunye wethu. Bheka okungenani ukufaka i-captcha ku-intanethi ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kwesinye isenzo. Ngenkathi kukholelwa ukuthi akukho idivayisi ye-elekthri edalwe okwamanje, ekwazi ukubona umbhalo ophikisiwe noma isethi yamatshwayo, ngaphandle komuntu. Kodwa ngubani owaziyo, konke kungenzeka ...