Tundra sezulu eRussia futhi i-Nyakatfo Melika

Wonke likhulu kakhulu, futhi yebo, izimo zawo zezulu zihluke kakhulu. Lokhu isici has nomthelela obalulekile yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kukhinyabeza noma kusiza ukuphila esifundeni. Ngakho, emathafeni sezulu - omunye kakhulu futhi kunzima-to-ukuphila okunzima.

I ezindawo indawo emathafeni

Ngo -Nyakatfo Melika Nobe emathafeni zone iseningizimu ngasogwini ka enyakatho ekude wengxenye yezwekazi zaleli zwekazi. It ithatha amaningi ala masimu Greenland kanye Archipelago Canadian futhi kudlulela parallel 60. It is okubangelwa umoya ezibandayo-Arctic Ocean.

Umbala Russian imayelana 15% yonke indawo isimo. Ibanga ogwini Arctic Ocean isiqeshana kuqhathaniswa emincane. Nokho, kwezinye izindawo, kuthatha phezu nsimu enkulukazi. Lezi izifunda zihlanganisa Taimyr isiqhingi, Chukotka. Naphezu Ezindaweni eziwugwadule futhi lihlaselwa ukweswela njengokungathi uhlaza, emathafeni siphile abamele ahlukahlukene nezilwane.

division ngokwezindawo ka Tundra

Ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Tundra" ukufihla subzones ezine ezihlukene. Lokhu kungenxa sezwe ehlukene, indawo zone kanye ukusondela noma remoteness kwezilwandle noma izintaba. emathafeni sezulu engqamuzaneni ngalinye kuyahlukahluka. Kukhona division elandelayo okunemibandela:

• ezingwadule Arctic;
• emathafeni ejwayelekile;
• Umbala;
• entabeni nezimfunda.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi selitulu emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni ethambile kuqhathaniswa ehlane lase-Arctic, kuba nzima kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungasekho izifunda abe flora abampofu kakhulu ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

ehlane Arctic

Zone ehlane arctic itholakala eNyakatho neMelika futhi has izimo ezinzima kakhulu zezulu. ERussia, lokhu subzone alikho. Summer ihlala amasonto ambalwa nje. Winter ihlala izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha. Ebusika, ilanga neze uyaphuma phezu umkhathizwe. Umoya ifinyelela isiphepho amandla.

amazinga okubanda ebusika ngokuvamile kuwele -60? C. Amazinga isilinganiso kuthi ngesikhathi sasehlobo esifushane ingeqi 5? C. Inzika lincane kakhulu - ngokulambisa ngonyaka uwela 500 mm. Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo bakha wona kanye ulele, ezihlanganisa zesiqhingi phansi. Ehlobo, le iphenduka ibe subzone ixhaphozi. Lokhu kungenxa ukuhwamuka ongaphakeme lamanzi ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Iqhwa akusho engena ijule ke.

Noma kunjalo, zone ehlane arctic kuyinto olwenzeka endaweni ebalulekile izilwane nezinyoni zokuzalela. Entwasahlobo kukhona goose, eiders, guillemot, ama-puffin, izinyoni zasogwini, ogwini lwezimpawu lokusinda, walruses, amabhere must kube ngokweminikelo yephasika. Ungase futhi uthole lemmings nezimpisi ezidla kubo.

emathafeni ejwayelekile

Tundra sezulu, okuyinto uyalandisa kule subzone futhi onokhahlo, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa ehlane Arctic, wayesalokhu ethambile. izinga lokushisa ehlobo ongafinyelela 10? C, -50 ebusika? C. Ikhava iqhwa ayijulile futhi obukhulu. Spring iqala ngo-May, ebusika iqala ngo-Okthoba. Ezinyangeni zasehlobo snowfalls kungenzeka, ngenxa eyiqhwa kukhona ukusakaza eziningi, amaxhaphozi, amachibi kanye emaxhaphozini. Abaliqondi futhi kulula ukuqhubeka sleds. Winter libhekene imimoya enamandla kanye snowstorms. ikhava Uhlaza kuqinile, kuba ikakhulukazi wona kanye ulele.

Ngaseningizimu, ungathola ekhula ongaphakeme khuhla amajingijolo, rosemary zasendle, cranberry, Cassandra. On the amabhange emifuleni nasemachibini kungabonwa sedge ezihlabayo, willow yemifino , birch, Alder, umjunipha. Okunjalo Russian emathafeni sezulu kudlulela eningizimu kuze July 10 isotherm. Kulezi kwezimo zokuphila ezinzima njalo polar izikhova, ptarmigan, ama-caribou, izimpisi, lemmings, ochakide nezimpungushe. Kwezinye izifunda, kukhona i-moose.

ehlane Arctic ngokushelela kwelesibili subzone sezulu. Tundra sezulu eNyakatho neMelika lihlukile Russian. Ezinjalo njengoba enhlabathini abampofu (Peat-gley, emathafeni gley, Iqhwa bog), imimoya enamandla kanye frost okusezingeni eliphezulu ayivunyelwe ukuthuthukisa okusezingeni eliphezulu izitshalo engamamitha nokuthuthukisa uhlelo impande. Nokho, isikhala embozwe moss kanye ulele, kukhona amadlelo inyamazane Melika kanti eRussia.

ihlathi-emathafeni

Eningizimu insimu, isimo sezulu ushisa. Isikhala esiqhubekayo moss, ulele futhi izitshalo ekhula ongaphakeme, okuyinto isiqala ukuba avele ezindaweni izihlahla ezinde - lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi indawo emathafeni sezulu. Ibanga kuyo yonke eNyakatho Melika eYurophu nase-Asia - kusukela Peninsula Kola ukuze Indigirka. Tundra sezulu sub-zone ivumela kokubili yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene babe zisabalele.

ebusika izinga ukufinyelela lokususa 40 degrees Celsius, ehlobo -? 15 C. kwezulu Lonyaka ifinyelela mm 450 kuphela. ikhava eqhwa iyunifomu, uhlezi phezu phansi mayelana izinyanga 9. Lina ingaphezu ukuhwamuka, ngakho umhlabathi ogxile Peat-gley, Peat bog, kwezinye izindawo gley-podzolic. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, eziningi amachibi ukusakaza.

Kusukela izitshalo ngaphandle isici ejwayelekile emathafeni, kukhona fir ebhalsamu, sonwele laseSiberia larch, warty birch. Imifula nethonya ekungameleni phezu kwesimo sezulu. Ngenxa yalesi izihlahla ekhula ongaphakeme ngasogwini ukungena nezimfunda. Futhi emathafeni ejwayelekile, kukhona kwezinhlobo ezifana intendele ezimhlophe, shrews, izimpungushe.

entabeni emathafeni

Lona ehlukile ye-zone, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezindaweni lapho emathafeni, ezinamahlathi, sizungezwe amawa emikhulu. Intaba emathafeni kuvamile ezintabeni North-East yeRussia, iningizimu yeSiberia, Tibet, ogwini Pacific enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, ezinkangala-Davis Strait ngesikhathi Brooks Range, Alaska Ibanga nokunye.

emathafeni sezulu ezintabeni libhekene imimoya enamandla, okushisa aphansi, Iqhwa, ukuntuleka iqhwa ezindaweni ezivulekile. Iqala subzone komngcele ihlathi futhi iphela emngceleni emgqeni iqhwa eziqongweni. Eduzane ezihlahleni ezinde sikhule nezihlahla of willow futhi Alder. I eduze ezingeni eliphezulu, aba maningi endaweni, embozwe utshani, nengxenye-nezihlahla, wona kanye ulele.

Naphezu kwesimo sezulu esibi emathafeni, lokhu endaweni yemvelo kuyinto ocebile ukuzingela phansi. Kungenxa mibandela siphile lizalele izinhlobo yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene engatholakali kwezinye izifunda. Ezinye yohlobo lwazo ahlelwe njengoba ezisengozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emathafeni kuba linothe kakhulu kwezokumbiwa, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiziphi luyanda njalo ngonyaka, naphezu kwesimo sezulu.