TCP-nezimbobo. Uhlu TCP kanye UDP nezimbobo

Ngo-network ekhompuyutha, port iphuzu oyinhloko uxhumano ohlelweni lokusebenza. Leli gama libuye lisetshenziswe amadivayisi hardware, kodwa isofthiwe isakhiwo logic, esikhomba inqubo ethize noma amasevisi.

Port njalo elihlobene ne-IP ikheli yempi futhi uhlobo zokuxhumana olandelwayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela uqeda session ikheli Kwabiwa. It is ebekelwe ikheli ngalinye kanye olandelwayo ngosizo inombolo-16-bit, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi inombolo port. port izinombolo Specific ezisetshenziswa ukuhlonza amasevisi athile. Phakathi kwezinkulungwane efakwe ohlwini 1,024 port izinombolo owaziwa abekelwe ngokuhambisana nesivumelwano ukunquma ezithile amasevisi zaziziningi. Izivumelwano, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko asetshenziswa amatheku ngezamadodana inqubo control (isib Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) kanye Umsebenzisi Datagram Protocol (UDP) Inthanethi olandelwayo kusukela ikhithi).

Inani

I-TCP-nezimbobo akudingeki izixhumanisi eziqondile ezifana "iphuzu ukuze ukhombe", lapho amakhompyutha ekupheleni ngalinye kungenziwa eziqhutshwa nesicelo eyodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Zaba ezidingekayo ngemva izimoto bakwazi ukwenza uhlelo angaphezu kwelilodwa ngesikhathi futhi zazixhunywe yesimanje amanethiwekhi iphakethe-esitshalweni. Ngo imodeli, isicelo izakhiwo amaklayenti-server, izimbobo nakunethiwekhi amaklayenti ukuxhuma emizameni yokuthuthukisa inkonzo, sihlinzeke izinhlelo multiplexing, ngemuva exchange kokuqala idatha kukhambelana nenomboro owaziwa port, futhi ikhishwe ngu ukushintsha Ngokwesibonelo izicelo umsebenzi ngamunye emgqeni ozinikele. Kunokuxhumana ukuze inombolo letsite, kanye namakhasimende kanjeyana kungenziwa wakhonza ngaphandle kokulibala.

imininingwane

Xhumanisa idatha Lwesibili Logqinsi - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) kanye Umsebenzisi Datagram Protocol (UDP) - esetshenziswa ucacise inombolo uya khona imbobo kanye umthombo e izihloko zabo izingxenye. Inombolo port kuyinto 16-bit integer engabhalisiwe. Ngakho, kungaba ku uhla kusuka 0 kuya 65.535.

Nokho, TCP-nezimbobo Awukwazi ukusebenzisa inani 0 I-UDP Umthombo Port kungakhethwa, kanye ukubaluleka zero, okusho uma yena engekho.

Inqubo uxhuma imigudu yalo yokufaka noma okukhipha ngokusebenzisa isokhethi Inthanethi (uhlobo lwefayela yokuchaza) yi-protocol ezokuthutha, inombolo port kanye ne-IP ikheli. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ngibopha eyaziwa, futhi kuwenza akwazi idatha ukuwudlulisa reception ngenethiwekhi.

isofthiwe Network yesistimu yokusebenza obhekene ukudluliswa aphumayo idatha kusuka zonke izimbobo isicelo inethiwekhi bese eyithumela amaphakethe wenethiwekhi kwangaphakathi (ngokufanisa IP-amakheli nezinombolo zocingo). Kuphela inqubo eyodwa kungaba hlanganisa-IP ikheli kanye ne-port inhlanganisela ethile besebenzisa ezokuthutha olandelwayo efanayo. Jikelele ukwehluleka isicelo, kuphakama ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi izingxabano port lapho izinhlelo eziningi zizama ukuxhumana nge okufanayo port izinombolo ezifanayo ikheli le-IP, ngokusebenzisa iphrothokholi efanayo.

Indlela bajwayele

Izicelo zisebenzise izinkonzo evamile sebenzisa agodliwe ngokukhethekile uhlu TCP kanye UDP nezimbobo owaziwa ukuthola izicelo service kusuka amaklayenti. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukulalela eyaziwa, futhi kufaka phakathi kokuthola isicelo ukuze imbobo owaziwa futhi ukusungula inkhulumomphendvulwano emkhatsini iseva nekhasimende "okukodwa-elilodwa", nge inombolo port efanayo wendawo. Okunye amaklayenti angaqhubeka ixhunywe - lokhu kuyenzeka, kusukela uxhumano TCP uchazwa ngokuthi neketanga ehlanganisa ikheli akude futhi lendawo kanye ne-port. TCP esezingeni UDP nezimbobo zinqunywa sivumelwano ngaphansi kokulawulwa Internet Owabelwe Izinombolo Authority (IANA).

Umnyombo amasevisi enethiwekhi (ngokuyinhloko, WorldWideWeb), ngokuvamile isebenzisa inombolo encane nezimbobo - esingaphansi 1024. Ngo wokusebenza amaningi adinga amalungelo okukhethekile lokusebenza ukuthi libophezeleke kubo, ngoba ngokuvamile abhekwa ezibucayi nokuqhutshwa amanethiwekhi IP-based. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zezakhi iklayenti ukuphela, njengoba umthetho, Nokho osebenza inani elikhulu lazo, akhethiwe ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana, kuphele, kukhona okuthiwa nezimbobo eziyize.

isakhiwo

TCP-nezimbobo kuthiwa okubhalwe ku unhlokweni iphakethe protocol ezokuthutha, futhi kalula uhunyushwe hhayi kuphela ukuthumela nokwamukela ama-computer, kodwa futhi nezinye izingxenye ingqalasizinda inethiwekhi. Ngo-firewalls lesitsite, kuvamise kuba amisiwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi amaphakethe kuye umthombo noma uya khona imbobo zabo izinombolo. Liqondise kabusha iyisibonelo salokhu.

Umkhuba izama ukuxhuma uhla nezimbobo kulandelane computer ezaziwa ngokuthi ukuskena yabo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubangelwa noma umzamo ezinonya ehluleka noma abaqondisi bohleloxhumano ngifuna ngishiyeka kungenzeka ukusiza ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okunjalo.

Izenzo okuhloswe ngazo ukuthi ukuvula TCP-port, ngokuvamile alawulwa futhi aqoshiwe ngosizo lwama-computer. Le nqubo isebenzisa inani ukuxhumana esikhululekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe uxhumano bushelelezi kwiseva.

izibonelo yokusetshenziswa

Isibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, lapho kusetshenziswa kakhulu TCP / izimbobo UDP, lihlelo imeyli Inthanethi. Iseva isetshenziselwa-e-mail (ukuthumela nokwamukela), futhi ngokuvamile kudinga izinkonzo ezimbili. Isevisi wokuqala esetshenziswa ukuthutha imeyili namanye amaseva. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Njengomthetho, application service ulalela phezu TCP-SMTP inombolo port 25 ukuze ukucubungula izicelo engenayo. Enye inkonzo kuyinto POP (ngokugcwele - Post Office lwe-inthaneyhi) noma ye-IMAP (noma uHlelo Lokungena Emibikweni Ye) okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu izicelo iklayenti e-mail ukuze imishini abasebenzisi 'ukwamukela ama-imeyili iseva. -POP uthephwe Services amakamelo ne-TCP-port 110. Amasevisi ngenhla kungaba kokubili ukusebenzisa kukhompyutha aphethe efanayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, inombolo port ehlukanisa Isevisi eceliwe idivayisi akude - PC yomsebenzisi noma yimuphi omunye seva.

Nakuba iseva ukulalela inombolo port is achazwe kahle (IANA ubabiza amatheku owaziwa), ukhetho iklayenti ngokuvamile abakhethiweyo bomhlangano uhla ashukumisayo. Kwezinye izimo, amakhasimende ngamunye kanye iseva zisebenzisa ethize TCP-nezimbobo enikezwa IANA. Isibonelo esihle DHCP, lapho ikhasimende kuzo zonke izimo usebenzisa UDP 68, futhi iseva - UDP 67.

Isicelo I-URL-ikheli

Port zinombolo ngezinye izikhathi kuyabonakala ku-intanethi, noma ezinye imininingwane yemibala (URL). Ngokuzenzakalelayo, HTTP isebenzisa TCP-port 80 futhi HTTPS - 443. Nokho, zikhona nezinye Izinguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, http://www.example.com:8080/path/ URL-ikheli ubonisa ukuthi isiphequluli sewebhu ixhunywe 8080 esikhundleni iseva HTTP.

Uhlu TCP kanye UDP nezimbobo

Njengoba sekushiwo, Internet Owabelwe Izinombolo Authority (IANA) unesibopho ukudidiyelwa global-DNS Umsuka, IP-ikheli kanye nezinye izinsiza lasesizindeni se-intanethi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yokubhalisa evame ukusetshenziswa port izinombolo amasevisi e-inthanethi owaziwa.

Izinombolo port zihlukaniswe amabanga amathathu: owaziwa obhalisiwe futhi ashukumisayo, noma kwangasese. eyaziwa kahle (aziwa nangokuthi uhlelo) - likuthola izinombolo kusukela Izidingo 0 kuya 1023. I-aphoyintimenti entsha kuleli banga ezibophayo kakhulu kunalezo kwamanye ama-akhawunti.

izibonelo baziwa

Izibonelo yilezi kulolu hlu zihlanganisa:

• TCP port 443: HTTP ephephile (HTTPS).
• 21: Protocol File Transfer (FTP).
• 22: Vikela Shell (ssh).
• 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: Isidlulisilwazi kuwebhu (HTTP).
• 119: uxhumano lwamakhompiyutha (NNTP).
• 123: Network olandelwayo isikhathi (NTP) ..
• 143: uXhumano Lweqoqo LokuneBluetooth (I-IMAP)
• 161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1.
• 94: edluliselwe Inthanethi Chat (IRC).

Izimbobo bhalisiwe lihlanganise izinombolo kusuka 1024 kuya 49151. IANA igcina uhlu olusemthethweni bands aziwayo futhi kubhaliswe. Dynamic noma yangasese - kusuka 49152 ukuba 65535. Omunye ukusetshenziswa laleli banga nezimbobo eziyize.

Umlando sokudalwa

inombolo port umqondo sidalwe ekuseni Onjiniyela ARPANET ngaphansi nokubambisana angakahleleki abalobi software futhi uhlelo abalawuli.

Igama elithi "Imbobo" lingazange lisetshenziswe isikhathi eside. Ilayisensi Inombolo plate umninikhaya okude inombolo 40-bit. Eyokuqala 32 izingcezu zazifana lanamuhla IPv4-ikheli, kodwa obaluleke kakhulu aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala 8 izingcezu. Ingxenye okungenani abalulekile inombolo (izingcezu 33 kuya 40) lisho enye into, ngokuthi Aen. Lona sibonelo yenomboro yesimanje port.

Mashi 26, 1972 waba ngowokuqala ukuphakamisa ukudalwa lwemibhalo izinombolo socket RFC 322. Umlawuli inethiwekhi ngokuthi ukuchaza ngamunye Igumbi unomphela ngoba imisebenzi yayo futhi amasevisi enethiwekhi. Lokhu ikhathalogi kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi i-RFC 433 ngo-December 1972, futhi kufakwe uhlu Sebawoti, izinombolo zabo port futhi umsebenzi okuhambisanayo ukuthi kusetshenziswe ku-node ngamunye inethiwekhi. Ngo-May 1972, esemthethweni uya khona port izinombolo okokuqala bodokotela, amasevisi enethiwekhi, futhi inikeza umsebenzi okhethekile zokuphatha ukunamathela kulesi lokubhalisa.

Uhlu lokuqala TCP-port 256 Aen kwadingeka amagugu ukuthi yehlukaniswa amabanga ezilandelayo:

• 0 kuya 63: izici ejwayelekile yonkana inethiwekhi
• 64 ukuze 127: imisebenzi Usokhaya eqondene
• 128 kuya 239: agodliwe ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo
• Kusukela 240 kuya 255: noma isiphi isici zokuhlola.

inkonzo Telnet lithole isabelo sokuqala olusemthethweni yamanani 1. Ezinsukwini zokuqala kwegama elithi ARPANET Aen futhi waqamba isokhethi esasetshenziswa original olandelwayo uxhumano (MSP) futhi ingxenye uhlelo ukuphathwa inethiwekhi (NCP). Ngakho NCP kwaba kwandulela yezifiso Inthanethi lanamuhla usebenzisa nezimbobo TCP / IP.