Submarine - Iyini? ngwenya Russian

I ngwenya - kuba esihlukile lwemikhumbi ukuthi bayakwazi kufike ekujuleni okungaphezu kwalokho omkhulu futhi isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi. Namuhla ngwenya kuyizinto eziyinhloko isikhali wezindlela Navy lanoma isiphi isizwe indesheni. inzuzo yabo eyinhloko - esilayidi. Lokhu kwenza ngwenya esisemqoka esimweni impi.

Umlando indalo: ekuqaleni

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-umbuzo yini umkhumbi, wanikeza impendulo ezingokoqobo ukuze uLeonardo da Vinci. Wachaza kwezempi kanye nezinzuzo Tactical futhi isikhathi eside wasebenza phezu isakhiwo zedivayisi, kodwa ekugcineni bazishisa zonke imifanekiso yayo, ngenxa yokwesaba imiphumela engelapheki.

Ngo 1578 usosayensi oyiNgisi uWilliam Bourne embikweni wakhe sabeka ngwenya eyayibonakala nguye ekujuleni oLwandle Olumnyama. Kuchazwe ngwenya - akulutho njengezakuqala U-isikebhe eyenziwe Greenland kusukela isikhumba kanye ngesikhumba semvu yamanzi. Lo mkhumbi possessed isikebhe sizinze amathangi, futhi wasebenza njengomfundisi kushimula itilosi. umkhumbi sasingenakulibaleka isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa ngisho nalapho kwabonisa imiphumela emangalisayo.

iphrojekthi Esemthethweni ukwakha ngwenya senziwa umphakathi kuphela ngo-1620. Ukugunyazwa ukwakhiwa wanika IsiZulu Korol Yakov I. Designing isitsha kwamanzi wathatha unjiniyela Dutch K. Drebbel. Ngokushesha umkhumbi waze ihlolwe eLondon ngempumelelo. Izinjini lokuqala umkhumbi kwamanzi UK wasebenza phezu oar-sikagesi. ERussia, umqondo ukudala lwemikhumbi ezifihliwe okuqaliswe ngu-Peter I. Nokho, ngokufa kwakhe iphrojekthi wabulawa ihlumela. Ngo-1834 kwakungekho ngowokuqala zonke-metal ngwenya kwamanzi. umsunguli wayo ukuthi ungunjiniyela Russian K. Schilder. Propeller abangu ababegwedla isikebhe kudivayisi. Uhlolo abaphumelela, futhi kokuqala emhlabeni ngaphansi kwamanzi we missile kwenziwa ekupheleni konyaka.

I-US Navy kabaze baba lakho ukuma eceleni. Ngo-1850 waqala iphrojekthi ngaphansi kokuqondisa L. Hunley. Lesi sikebhe elawulwa kusuka egunjini ehlukile. Motor esetshenziswa isikulufa enkulu ukuthi baphotha amatilosi umndeni. Okubukwa badabula ziboya ezincane izindlu. Ngo-1864, ingane yokuqala Hunley yacwila abaphikisi umkhumbi. Ngemva kwalokho, impumelelo esifanayo singabonakala ukuziqhayisa Russia nase France.

Phakathi ngwenya Okokuqala Umhlaba ayenendawo diesel izinjini kagesi. Ekuklameni isizukulwane esisha ngwenya Starring onjiniyela Russian. Phakathi nempi ekulweni abathintekayo izitsha olwandle olujulile 600, eyagcina sacwilisa imikhumbi engaba ngu-200 futhi kubabulali.

Umlando indalo: inkathi entsha

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II ngwenya kakhulu ayesezibhebheni ibhalansi ye-USSR (amayunithi 211). Ibe isilandelwa wema weqembu lemikhumbi Italy - 115 ngwenya. Okulandelayo-United States, France, eBrithani, eJapane, futhi kuphela ke Germany nge 57 umkhumbi ekujuleni kolwandle. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi lo mshumayeli ngwenya ayebhekwa main ukulwa iyunithi Navy phakathi nempi. Lokhu kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi eSoviet Union predominated phezu kolwandle futhi ngezansi kuze kube sekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II. Blame kwaba ngwenya ukuthi yacwila ingqikithi imikhumbi isitha ezingaphezu kuka-400. Nakuba umkhumbi-ngwenya ungase ngena kuze 150 metres, ngenkathi ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside. I ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha kwaba mayelana 6 ifindo. A revolution ubunjiniyela kwamanzi bukhicite usosayensi odumile u-Walter. He sungula umzimba ovikelekile futhi injini ezisebenza i-hydrogen peroxide. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ngwenya yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa ijubane 25 ifindo.

Imikhumbi-ngwenya namuhla

ngwenya Modern - kungcono izikebhe deepwater usebenzisa ukufaka enuzi ukufezekisa amandla adingekayo. Futhi amandla kagesi ngwenya kukhona amabhetri, diesel, Stirling izinjini nezinye amaseli nophethiloli. Okwamanje, lezi amayunithi ukulwa kukhona imikhumbi ocebile lamazwe 33.

Emuva ngo-1990, ukwakhiwa kwezikhali NATO sika lalinabashumayeli izitsha 217, kuhlanganise SSBNs futhi SSNs. Ngaleso sikhathi, eRussia lezwakala esele a amayunithi engaphansana nje kwengu-100. Ngo-2004, Russian Federation ngaphambilini e-Italy ukudalwa ezincane ze-non-zenuzi ngwenya hlobo. Lo mkhankaso wabizwa ngokuthi S1000. Noma kunjalo, ngo-2014 liye simisiwe kokuba kungokuvumelana. Namuhla, esinye ngwenya esheshayo futhi enza izinto ezihlukahlukene kakhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi i-hydrogen. Lokhu ezijulile U-212 ekilasini isitsha, okuyinto muva nje kwaqala ukukhiqizwa eJalimane. izikebhe okunjalo usebenza ngesisekelo hydrogen, kanjalo nokufeza esiphezulu ukunyakaza noiseless.

Ukwahlukaniswa ngwenya

Imikhumbi-ngwenya zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu maqondana nemikhakha:

1. Ngokusho uhlobo nogesi: ngamandla enuzi, udizili, umusi kanye igesi, amafutha, i-hydrogen.
2. Sebenzisa: yezinhloso eziningi, amasu, ezikhethekile.
3. usayizi: sihamba, aphakathi nendawo, amancane.
4. Ngokusho uhlobo izikhali: torpedoes, ballistic, nangomcibisholo, okuxubile.

Iyunithi esivame kakhulu ngwenya yenuzi ezijulile. Lolu hlobo lwe-ngwenya has ngezigaba ayo:

1. SSBN - ngwenya yenuzi ngezikhali ballistic.
2. PLARK - ngwenya yenuzi ne cruise ezicitshwayo.
3. MPLATRK - esisetshenziselwa missile torpedo ngwenya, main amandla umthombo okuyinto enuzi.
4. DPLRK - udizili ngwenya nge ejikijelwayo torpedoes.

Kusukela izinhlobo zokuhlola kungaba avelele: ezindizayo, ezinamaphiko futhi asihlali muntu emfuleni ngwenya.

Kubaluleka design

Imikhumbi-ngwenya akhiwe 2 izakhiwo: ibelula futhi iqine. Eyokuqala ukunikeza umkhumbi ngcono izakhiwo hydrodynamic kanye yesibili - ukuze kuvikeleke a ingcindezi enkulu amanzi. Ezimangelengele wabuthela kusuka insimbi engagqwali, Nokho, ngokuvamile zenzeka futhi titanium Alloys. On the ngwenya has amathangi esikhethekile isikebhe sizinze nokulawula ngombala. Ekushoniseni Kwenziwa besebenzisa hydroplanes. Ekuvezeni kunqunywa ukufuduka yamanzi emoyeni onomfutho kusukela isikebhe sizinze amathangi. Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi umkhumbi kuholele udizili noma amandla enuzi izitshalo. ngwenya Small ukusebenzisa ku amabhethri kanye nogesi. Special udizili ugesi isetshenziswa ukushaja. Iyasebenza njengoba nenjini ophephela.

izinhlobo izikhali

Amasabhumarini Inhloso ukufeza imisebenzi ekhethekile:

- ukubhujiswa yempi,
- ukuqedwa izitsha multi-purpose,
- ukubhujiswa izinto isitha zamasu.

Kuye imigomo ye-ngwenya setha tinhlobo letifanele izikhali: ezimayini, torpedoes, rocket, wezikhali, electronics. Ngokuba sokuzivikela, nangemikhumbi eminingi ekujuleni kolwandle esetshenziswa ephathekayo izinhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela.

ngwenya Russian

Omunye zakamuva elathathwa phakathi Fleet efika ngwenya "i-halibut". Ukwakhiwa amayunithi 24 yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-20, kusukela ngo-1982. Namuhla, anawo ngwenya Russian ngesikhathi kuba 18 "i-halibut". Izikebhe ngeminyaka yawo-kohlaka iphrojekthi 877. Le mikhumbi ezijulile-amanzi aba prototypes of the okuthiwa "Varshavyanka". Ngo-2004 yena wazalwa isizukulwane esisha ngwenya, "Lada", abasebenza ukufakwa elektrodizelnoy. Lo mkhumbi yakhelwe ukubhubhisa ngitsho amatshe isitha. Lezi ngwenya Russian ziye zanda sibonga eliphansi umsindo. Ngenxa zibiza kakhulu umsebenzi zigoqiwe ngokushesha.

The main yesiteleka amandla yemikhumbi isiRashiya ngwenya yenuzi 'Pike-B ". Le phrojekthi eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-20 kuze 2004. Namuhla ngwenya yalolu hlobo ku ahlomile isiRashiya amayunithi 11. 'Pike-B "uyakwazi ukufinyelela ijubane 33 ifindo, egxilile for m 600 nokuba kule navigation ezizimele ukuze izinsuku 100. Umthamo - Abantu abangu-73. Ukwakhiwa eyodwa abiza yengcebo mayelana 785 mln. Dollars.

Futhi ku arsenal yemikhumbi abanjalo ngwenya yenuzi eRussia, njengoba "Shark", "Dolphin", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" nabanye.

I ngwenya entsha

Esikhathini "Warszawianka" uchungechunge ngokushesha agcwaliswa nge Russian Emayunithi lamasha asolwandle. Lokhu kuyoba ngwenya entsha "Krasnodar" futhi "Stary Oskol". Izikebhe oyongena inkonzo engxenyeni 2015 yesibili. Echwebeni ziyizitsha ekujuleni kolwandle "Kolpino" futhi "The Great Novgorod", kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo usuphothuliwe kuphela ekupheleni 2016. Ngenxa yalokho, kuzoba 6 "Warszawianka" umklamo amayunithi Sea Fleet sika-balance sheet. Abamele kulolu chungechunge zenzelwe yokulwisana ukuhlaselwa isitha, okungukuthi, ukuvikela lezisekelo asolwandle, ukuxhumana, ogwini. Imikhumbi-ngwenya "Varshavyanka" ibhekisela ohlotsheni buthule. umsebenzi Elektrodizelnom ku injini.

Ubude umkhumbi kuyinto 74 m, ububanzi -. 10 m imoto Underwater ongafinyelela ngesivinini ifindo 20. Babecwiliswa embundwini - 300 m ukubhukuda ukuphila -. Kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-45.

ngwenya Ezilahlekile lushone

Kuze 1940, imikhumbi-ngwenya bese elahlekile ekujuleni kwezilwandle, izilwandle. Izizathu zalokhu babe design amaphutha kanye missteps recaps, futhi imfihlo ezempi nabaphikisi.

Ngemva Okwesibili Umhlaba ukulinganisela ulahlekile ngwenya amayunithi. Kule minyaka engu-50 edlule, onjiniyela baye yayina kakhulu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1950 umkhumbi akubhekwa esiyingozi ngenxa yokuphila crew, futhi axhumane isitha ngokushesha fixed a enkanjini. Yingakho emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngakho kancane balahlekelwa ngwenya. Lo mkhumbi edume kunazo ulahlekile kubhekwa "Scorpion" (USA), i- "Dakar" (Israyeli) kanye "Minerva" (France). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke ezintathu ngwenya lushone iphahlazeka ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali ngokuhamba 2 amaviki ngo-1968. Imibiko zonke izinhlekelele ezintathu okukhulunywe into engaziwa, ngemva ukuxhumana lalahleka ukuxhumana crew kubani kuze kube phakade.

Sekukonke, phezu engu-60 eyedlule liye ngokusemthethweni eqoshiwe 8 lushone ngwenya yenuzi, kuhlanganise eziyisithupha Russian futhi ezimbili American. Esokuqala kwaba umkhumbi "thresher" (USA), ebhodini eyayiminingi abantu 129. Le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa kuhlasela isitha ngo-1963. Yonke iqembu wabulawa.

Block nezinezinhlekelele kuyinto isiphetho ngwenya "eKursk". Ehlobo lika-2000 ngenxa ukuqhuma torpedo egumbini lokuqala umkhumbi phansi yoLwandle uBarents. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu 118 babulawa.