Shogun - Iyini? shoguns iBhodi Japan

impucuko Japanese ubhekwa esemancane. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iziqhingi Japanese waqala ukuba luthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane edlule, ndawonye abantu conglomeration zezizwe kwenzeka kuphela ekhulwini lesibili BC. Usesimweni wekuba sive kuphela Beza lapha lesithathu AD leminyaka, lapho inyunyana zezizwe Yamato wakwazi ukunqoba sonke isizwe kungasali lutho, futhi kube elikhulu kunawo wonke. Kancane kancane igunya Yamato clan zaba njengamathonsi inkosi, futhi ababusi babo ngaphandle kokuphikisa bazibize ababusi ( "Tenno"). Enye elithi "Shogun" (kunalokho, umbusi - umkhuzi High), zaqala ukusetshenziswa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.

Umsuka samurai lasendulo

EJapane, e 6-7 eminyaka kwenqwaba yabantu bakhona emelelwa abalimi, kwakukhona izigqila izakhamuzi ngokungalingani emphakathini Japanese, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa Chinese baseKorea. Abalimi babeboshelwe izintela ngempela elinesithunzi ngesimo umkhiqizo futhi imali yerenti, zazithunyelwa nisebenzela futhi empeleni banamathela ezweni. Ukuze kuliwe izinduna ongumlimi imibhikisho wadala amaqembu amasosha abaqeqeshiwe - Samurai, namandla okulawula kuleli zwe kwakungekaNkulunkulu kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona ikakhulukazi ingeyamakhosi bohlobo olufanayo njengoba umbusi ophakeme.

Shogunate wokuqala emlandweni Japan

shoguns Japanese ngokusemthethweni wabonakala ku 11 AD leminyaka. Ensimini ka Japan waqala ukwakha iqembu lezikhulu lempi amakhosi asendulo, phakathi okuyizinto Taira futhi Minamoto. Bona lakhipha civil impi 1180-1185 GG., Ayalwa lapho senzeka wonke esiqhingini Honshu. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ngaphambili kwakukhona amakhulu ezinkulungwane amaqembu lempi, Abafa, zezindela zonakale. Owinile kwaba Minamoto clan, ogama ummeleli, Yoritomo, emahlangothini 1192 isihloko "Seyi Tay Shogun" - ". Abakhulu, namaqaba enqoba" okusho Ngakho umlando Japan uvele wama-shogun waphumelela.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho kuqala impi yombango Japan ngaleso sikhathi empeleni won kungekho Yoritomo, nomfowabo - Yoshitsune, okuyinto ngokuqondene umbusi osolisayo waxoshwa esigodlweni. Ngokwezazi ezithile ezinganekwaneni, Yoshitsune wabaleka abavela eJapane silibangise ezwenikazi, lapho wathatha igama "uGenghis Khan", ngakolunye - ukuzibulala uzibophezele. Futhi legend ezithakazelisayo mayelana ukufa Yoritomo emva ewa ihhashi iphutha ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ihhashi Wasemisa, wabona isipoki ka Yoshitsune.

Kwafika eside kusuka China

Uma Japanese buza: "Chaza igama elithi" Shogun "," taysegun, "etc ...", Izimpendulo kungaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Iqiniso lokuthi umqondo weza Japan kusukela China, lapho basakaza ngesimo "ngasese Shogun", okungase elihunyushwe ngokuthi "induna komuthi omkhulu." Ngokusho yetinsita esivelele Chinese umkhuzi wezempi Hyo-mina wayethobekile ukuze lapho ngokunqoba kwakhe wakhuluma obala, wagijima ngaphansi kwesihlahla esikhulu, hhayi ukulalela badumise inkulumo yakhe.

Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke izwi Japanese "Shogun" nge nezinamathiselo ezihlukahlukene okukhulunywa ngazo 7-8 eminyaka ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu, kufaka phakathi:

• fukusegun - "kusho iphini nomyali ';
• taysegun - "jikelele omkhulu" (aduduze ezimbili okuthunyelwe abathwali zahlukaniswa ephakeme futhi esiphakeme);
• tinteki shogun - umholi wamasosha owanqoba namaqaba West;
• nje Shogun - owawina namaqaba aseMpumalanga;
• tindzyu Shogun - umlawuli-conciliator.

Isihloko sokuqala kumelwe abuyiswe

Ngalezo zinsuku, esiphathiswa lesi sihloko yayiyisikhulu esiphakeme, ngubani ephethwe ibutho noma ingxenye yayo, noma isithunywa. Isihloko wanikwa emkhankasweni wempi, wabuyela, niyazise inkosi. Lo mkhosi we "Ukuqalwa" lasendulo Kusolwa isiqondiso oluthathwa ngale ndaba (esimemezelweni) kanye nokunikeza inkemba emicikilishweni esigodlweni yasebukhosini. Kamuva, inqubo ingasebenza modified. Ngokwesibonelo, i-abameleli abadala bangavunyelwa isigodlo Kyoto izilaleli, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka 14-19 esimemezelweni alethwe shogun "endlini". Wagcwalisa ebhokisini impendulo esuka ngaphansi iSimemezelo isihlabathi segolide, ambuyisela inxusa yasebukhosini futhi wathembisa ukulandela "Ngokwesibonelo elikhanyayo ngokuthi" umbusi waleli Yoritomo Minamoto.

Shogun wakwazi ukuba abe ingane eneminyaka engu-ubudala

Shoguns umthetho eJapane wawuqala 1192 kuze Meiji Revolution. Phakathi nale nkathi, umlawuli ophakeme wadlulisela amandla akhe ifa kanye kuhlanganiswe amaposi aphezulu uhulumeni, kuyilapho amandla umbusi kwakuminyene ceremoniously-par. Ngu Minamoto Yoritomo wafa, amandla wadlulela regents indodana yakhe sika - Hojo clan.

Ngemva ukumisa bohlobo lwe-Minamoto patrilineal shoguns Japanese, mhlawumbe isikhathi kuphela emlandweni, kufakwe inombolo yabo umntwana we Fujiwara clan, owamiswa ukuba ehhovisi zomphakathi eliphakeme ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu-iminyaka emibili.

Kamakursky shogunate alethwe ifulege Japan kazwelonke

Shogunate wokuqala eJapane kwadingeka iyinhloko-dolobha emzini Kamakura, abizwa kanjalo Kamakurskim wama-shogun waphumelela. Le nkathi yomlando besihambisana nesiminyaminya yizingxabano zemibango lapho ukubusa amalungu Samurai - "abantu servicemen" ababakha isigaba samasosha izinduna ezicukuthwaneni kuyinto engasho lutho, ukuvikela kanye nokuzithuthukisa lezo ukukhonza kwabo "daimyo." Ngesikhathi esifanayo Japan ngenxa yokungenela emvelo ephethwe dudula Ukuhlasela Mongol ezimbili (iminyaka 1281 futhi 1274) futhi uthole ifulege lesizwe, okuyinto, ngokusho legend, awunika shogunate Buddhist - Bishop of Nichiren.

ukwehlukana izinduna

Minamoto Yoritomo, Shogun (isithombe komdwebo kuye ebhalwe ngenhla), ngemva kwempi esifundzeni ngasinye esimisiwe bezempi, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinqwabelene eside ngebutho lempi, futhi wagxila ezandleni kwesabelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Japan isungule evumayo ubudlelwane ukuhweba nge-China ne-Korea, okwaholela kwandzisa izinduna eningizimu-mpumalanga.

izinqubo ezinjalo kabanjalo izinduna e ngesilinganiso Kamakura, okuholela izingxabano futhi ukudluliswa kwamandla kuya Ashikaga clan. Abameleli beNdikimba yokugcina babesuke Kamakura libhujiswa ngo Kyoto, eduze IHlalankosi, lapho wachitha imali eningi kakhulu kwi umdlalo nge ukuziphakamisa izikhulu enkantolo. izindaba State abekade sesimeni sokunganakwa ezaholela ukuqiniswa lwabaphathi bezempi kwezinye izingxenye zezwe futhi entsha isigaba lapho kuqala impi yombango.

Shoguns abuse eJapane ngo 1478 - 1577 iminyaka, futhi ephelezelwa izingxabano zempi phakathi cishe zonke izifundazwe, okuholela umbuso engcupheni nciphisa phakathi nekhulu le-16. Kodwa kwaba khona "daimyo" - omele elite phakathi Samurai (Nobuna), ngubani sesinqobe maphakathi nezwe nge inhloko-dolobha Kyoto, wawahlula enkulu izinduna futhi inakekelwa zezikhulu zayo abanamakhono jikelele - Toyotomi noHideyoshi.

Shogun wakwazi abe umlimi

Lokhu ezihlakaniphile abangafundile kodwa okhaliphile iza ophuma emkhayeni ompofu ngemva kokufa Nobuna abameleli clan eseqedile ubunye Japan (e 1588). Ngakho, isigaba omele nonaristocratic empeleni wathola isihloko "Shogun." Uma uthi nhlá, kubonakala blurs imingcele phakathi amakilasi, kodwa esimemezelweni noHideyoshi aqinisekise zonke amalungelo samurai ngisho mkhankaso ukususwa izikhali (izinkemba) abantukazana.

Okwalandela shoguns Japanese, kodwa kusukela Tokugawa clan wabusa Japan cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu yeminyaka. Iqiniso lokuthi noHideyoshi wasinika amandla ukuze indodana yakhe, owayeyilungu ezincane, futhi kwaba yisifundo sivikelwe. Vele kusuka phakathi nabanakekeli wema Tokugawa Ieyasu, okuyinto iqedwe amandla indlalifa esisemthethweni futhi waqala ukubusa ngokukhetha ngokuthi dolobha Tokyo yesimanje.

Ekuqaleni, ama-samurai babe elite

Ngesikhathi kubusa endlini Tokugawa kwaba uhlelo lula ye kwezwe - lo mbusi bancishwa kwamandla, langena emikhandlwini idolobha yabadala umphakathi yizigaba. isikhundla evelele kuhlala amaqhawe - samurai. Futhi khona abalimi, ababazi, abathengisi, abadlali, zulazulani, Pariah nabampofu, nayo esabelwe esihlukile. Phakathi nokubusa kanye Tokugawa Samurai babe elite umphakathi, okuyinto lingokweshumi sabantu, futhi wayenamalungelo amaningi. Kodwa ke eziningi lempi wazibonakalisa ezingadingekile, futhi abanye Samurai baba ninja, ronin (waqasha ababulali), kanti abanye baye bathuthela nabahwebi noma wafundisa ibhizinisi ezempi kanye ifilosofi "Bushido" - Ikhodi ye-Samurai. Ababhikishi Ronin wayenengubo ukucindezela namasosha kahulumeni.

Izizathu ukuqedwa umbuso wama-shogun waphumelela

Kungani-ke wawela laphinde labhidlika ngaphansi kokulawula kombuso we Shogun? Izibuyekezo mlando zisikisela ukuthi zwe ngenxa ukukhula ubudlelwane ukuhweba uvele ekilasini lika onxiwankulu kuyinto engasho lutho, okuyinto kakhulu ukuyiveza ngu izikhulu wama-shogun waphumelela, + kangangokuba lwabangela imibhikisho. Ngo ungqimba ezisemadolobheni owasungula nezihlakaniphi, lapho futhi wafuna ukucindezela, ngokukhethekile, ngenxa nesifiso salo ukuze Shinto ekumemezeleni ziyezwana Japanese kungakhathaliseki ekilasini kanye nabanye.

Uhulumeni usezivalile ezinye izinkolo (NobuKristu), oxhumana nabo elinganiselwe namanye amazwe, okwaholela imibhikisho, ekugcineni, ukuze ukudluliselwa Tokugawa wama-shogun waphumelela kahle kwemandla embuso emuva umbusi 1867. Namuhla, "Shogun" eJapane - yigama zomlando, kusukela sikhundla uyekwa ngesikhathi Meiji Ukubuyiselwa, okwenzeka ngo-1868 - 1889 iminyaka.