Khokhloma - kuyini? Khokhloma: izithombe, amaphethini, ukucinga indikimba yendaba

Khokhloma - kuyini? Okokuqala, kuba lasendulo Russian Folk izikebhe. Khokhloma imidwebo, Golden Khokhloma, a stratum enkulu isiko Russian. Symbol ababethi isitayela "Khokhloma" kuyinto somlilo Firebird, a fabulous uhlamvu. Inhloko-dolobha ye ukudoba - edolobheni Semenov, etholakala enyakatho Nizhny Novgorod. Ngokungafani Gzhelian ukukhiqizwa kwezobuciko, okuletha ndawonye emadolobheni 27 futhi emizaneni "isihlahla" Khokhloma ukuthi bagxila endaweni eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kwawo kwaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngokwanele. ukudoba ingxenye yobuciko futhi yayibaluleke njengoba abaculi abanamakhono kungavamile, futhi ukuqeqeshwa, ngenxa yalokho, akazange.

Umlando we-Golden Khokhloma

Art izikebhe Khokhloma elisuka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, ngesikhathi zezimbali okusheshayo isithonjana imidwebo. isiphetho inkathi Novgorod ihlala Old Amakholwa, ababengakholelwa ukwamukela izinguquko ibandla uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon, kwaqondana ukuvela izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku gilding imifanekiso. Kungenxa Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni, emizaneni baye bafunda ukupenda imifanekiso ngegolide, kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ensimbini eyigugu. amaholo Ngokhuni imifanekiso wafafaza okhamiwe wahlanganiswa esiliva othulini, bese camera ngamafutha linseed futhi ibekwe kuhhavini. Isiliva enamathela ngokuyisimangaliso kube akhazimulayo igolide. ngaleso sikhathi ubuchwepheshe akazange enze izindlela ezengeziwe ukwenza lula inqubo, konke kwakwenziwa ngesandla. Abanye abaculi ngandlela-thile ukuzivumelanisa, baziqambela sakhe amathuluzi alula ukuze basize, kodwa ngokuvamile, Khokhloma Painting ngokugcwele waqinisekisa kuphela umsebenzi wezandla. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ukukhiqizwa babe turning, edinga iziqu ezithile. Izikhala kukhona machined ibe inkosi, primed bazishisa abanye, nabanye ngesineke. Kodwa noma kunjalo, umzamo ngokubambisana phakathi Imiphumela ayemahle, nokukhiqizwa yanda.

Ukuvela art eliphezulu

Ngakho on the iVolga kwakukhona Khokhloma igolide ngesineke. Kusukela imifanekiso ngokushesha kwi-ukukhiqizwa tableware ezenziwe ngokhuni ngegolide iphethini. Isiliva kwakunganele, futhi salandelwa ithini. Lezi zibalo kungekhona ukuthi sezizimbi kakhulu kunalokho, yokudweba atholwe matt yizicukuthwane nangemva wokucwebezelisa kapende baqala ukucwebezela bunjengelanga. Semenov abaculi babuthene ndawonye wokubambisana, yokudweba "Khokhloma" uye lwaziwe kahle kude lé nemingcele kwezindaba zesifunda Nizhny Novgorod. Salandelana kwafika abathengisi, ngaphambilini amakhosi ngesineke izinto sokhuni amaqembu omkhulu, nokudoba basungula ngokushesha.

Ekuqaleni ezibaziweyo kusuka Linden nopende Khokhloma amaphethini nezinkezo futhi ladles. inzalo Nokubonga ngisho yamisa lesikhumbuzo ukuze uSemyon-Lozhkarev njengendlela intela ukuze amakhosi kanye abaculi bangaleso sikhathi. Izingcweti basebenza ngokuzikhandla, Nizhny Novgorod izitsha kwalethwa futhi ithengiswe ngempumelelo ngasemfuleni omkhulu emakethe endaweni Macarius, ukujabulisa edume kunazo Russian. Income izitsha kanye eMoscow. Enhloko-dolobha isiRashiya, kanti njalo ubuhanjelwe abamele amazwe ekilasini umthengisi, amaJalimane, AmaNgisi franzuzy. Bona ngokushesha waqaphela engavamile imikhiqizo Khokhloma.

Khokhloma - kuyini kusukela umbono komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba?

Maphakathi nawo-19 leminyaka Khokhloma Umdwebo izitsha, ifenisha kanye izingubo lwafinyelela phesheya. Umhlaba uMbukiso Paris, eyaqala ngo-1889, kwavula indlela Golden Khokhloma emhlabeni wonke. Khokhloma Umdwebo waqhubeka nokukhishwa umfudlana obanzi. Izimakethe eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, India, China, futhi kamuva North American nezwekazi ahweba ngezimpahla Russian Folk yezandla.

ukufuneka kakhulu umkhiqizo ngaphesheya amakhosi iVolga baba nomfutho ukuze ukuqhubeka Golden Khokhloma. ukukhiqizwa uhla rose kaningi, ngaphezu nezinkezo wenza izitsha kanye amapuleti, imiphongolo, Krynki ukuze bathole izinongo, usawoti nabahamba, postavtsa ahlukahlukene, izibuko futhi lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi. Ikakhulukazi baziswa in the West, okubizwa ngokuthi Bratina - izitsha omkhulu ngesimo isikebhe nge amabhakede kweshumi. Igama liyazikhulumela, lokhu izinto senzelwe idili anobuhlobo. Festive indaba ephathwayo ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana Khokhloma imikhiqizo. Futhi umthombo ongashi izifundo netingcikitsi ngabo - kuba sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia. Khokhloma awunakuhlukaniswa ne kakhulu umthombo, kanye nomlando wayo.

Izidlo hhayi kuphela

Ngaphezu Cookware, amaqoqwana ezinkulu ekhiqizwa izinto zasekhaya: amabhokisi, isinemfu amabhokisi, ezincane ifenisha izinto, attics, amakhabethe, amatafula namabhentshi. Golden Khokhloma odwa, kuyafaneleka ezibizayo nokunye okuningi, kodwa intengo akazihluphi ubani. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 Khokhloma babe ezibizayo, ngoba ukukhiqizwa yabo kakhulu more xaka. Kwakukhona imiklamo ezimibalabala, okuyinto baqhubeka emasikweni okhokho, ekusebenziseni kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo yangithwala engokwemvelo zinendlela bokubeka ngokubhala kuyahluka Khokhloma. Izithombe ezithathwe kulezo zinsuku abaculi, abathanda, imidwebo kanye imidwebo ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa izitayela ezintsha zobuciko Khokhloma imidwebo.

Khokhloma imikhiqizo kakhulu yokukhulisa yabo kakade ngesineke ngendlela "Kudrin", namahlamvu igolide nezimbali e isitayela sibalo we headscarf zesifazane, lapho nomhlobiso yakhiwa izingcezwana eziningana ukuthi ihlangana zibe munye isithombe. Omunye izibalo ohlonishwayo kakhulu Kokhloma wake waba 'imbiza, "futhi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, abadwebi udale" Hohloma nomhlobiso ". Ngakho isitayela zakudala. Iphethini Umbala ngaleyo ndlela basishaya izinkinga, the imivimbo babe izacile, futhi ngesakhiwo atholwe izimpawu ngokuqiniseka. Art isitayela ngokuthi "Khokhloma", izithombe kanye imidwebo ngalo kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa yayo ukuqhubeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eRussia emaphakathi yaqala ukubonakala amafomu yobuciko, efana Khokhloma imidwebo, Fedoskino emincanyana kanye Zhostov emathileyi. Kamuva ngabo wathola Gzhel izimboni ukwenziwa tableware ngobumba, okuyinto ngokushesha baba njengoba othandwayo Khokhloma izinkuni. Russian yezandla kwezobuciko baye basungula ngempumelelo, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwemisebenzi yezandla ukuthi kungenziwa kuqhathaniswa art okusezingeni eliphezulu.

imishini

Khokhloma art - kunzima kakhulu inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi esibandakanya ubuqili eziningi lobuchwepheshe. Akwanele ukupenda umkhiqizo efanele - ezakheke kanye nemingcele futhi kufanele uphelele. ifomu Uma inkosi yanquma okugawula izingodo ngesimo dada Bratina futhi uyipende e isitayela Khokhloma segolide, it is ngokuyinhloko wathola Kumele uphinde yonke ubuhle inyoni ihloniphekile futhi iletha emqaleni kumelwe nakanjani ube "dada" goba, okuyinto sibona ngokwemvelo.

Khokhloma - kuyini kusukela iphuzu lobuchwepheshe umbono? Ngokuhambisana umthetho ubuqiniso umkhiqizo, nokuhambisana canons ezithile ezingeni kakhulu, Ochwepheshe JSC "Khokhloma Painting" baletha izinga ukukhiqizwa ifomula ayo, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo ukwenziwa Kokhloma imikhiqizo. Ngakho, zonke izinqubo kule nkampani awekho ngaphansi nezidingo emakethe, inkanuko nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, kanye nemithetho imvelo kwezobuciko, ikhasimende ngamakhasimende, kokuba ukunambitheka. Lokhu isiqondiso inqubomgomo kakade umzalele izithelo, ama-oda baqala ukuza hhayi kusukela izitolo ezidayisa izinto eziyizikhumbuzo futhi edumile zobuciko kanye salon.

Inqubo yokwenza ubuciko lezinto e Khokhloma isitayela - kuyinto Inqubo chain. Izinkuni esetshenziswa imishini yokusaha izingodo kuphela, kucatshangelwe Linden, kokubili nozwela futhi iningi impahla ductile. Material sihamba zemvelo omiswe isinyathelo ngaphandle unyaka owodwa, bese ibeka ku Comley yokuqhuma izikhala, okuyinto emva-dryer for ezinye izinyanga ezintathu. Ngemva kwalokho, ukhuni kakade kufanelekile machining ku lathes. izingcezu akhethiwe womshini onodoli, isitsha sezimbali okukhulu Kwenziwe ngomshini kusukela ku emikhulu okuqinile. Ukuze nezinkezo futhi ladles efanelekayo ugodo sapwood ingxenye, kulula sasivumela ukuba usike futhi akusho inqamuke.

Eqoshiwe wanquma izikhala abizwa ngokuthi "ilineni" ngaphambi Umdwebo "zangaphansi" iyoma futhi nganoma lokushisa mayelana 100. Ngemva kwalokho, izihloko primed futhi futhi ukulayishwa kuhhavini at degree angu-120. Khona-ke workpiece kuthiwa phansi, aqhephukile futhi imigodi phezu shpaklyuyut surface futhi camera nge ungqimba ezondile ukuvenisha. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama ephelele omiswe preform camera aluminium powder kanye triturated ukuze bonke ubuso ukuthi nombala camera. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-silver Frosted izinkomishi, nezinkezo, Saucers, isitsha sezimbali nezitsha ukuza abaculi for kokuphothula - Khokhloma art Umdwebo.

Ngemva yokudweba umkhiqizo kathathu lacquered nge Ukushisa Lesisemkhatsini 130 degrees. Kulokhu, luthi alufane aluminium Uthola luhlaza segolide, umkhiqizo ilungele iphakeji mpahla.

izinhlobo imidwebo

Ngekhulu le-18 Khokhloma Umdwebo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba, isidingo imikhiqizo art zonke anda, Nizhny Novgorod amakhosi ngesikhathi kakade esiqongweni ikhono lakhe lokusungula. Yingaleso sikhathi, futhi baye basungula izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko yokudweba Golden Khokhloma - "ihhashi" futhi "isizinda".

Khokhloma, amaphethini eyayibonakala ngesineke ngendlela "Horse" imidwebo, it is a umdvwebo ensimini yegolide, wabulawelwa imibala emnyama nebomvu. Umdwebi udonsa anezikhala isibonelo esihle imivimbo, kulandela yimuphi omunye izitayela ezilandelayo:

• "Gingerbread" - isithombe eliqoshiwe kwelanga, ebiyelwe umumo weJiyomethri, sikwele, idayimane noma embuthanweni cut. Indlela ekuqaleni emehlweni elula, kodwa kusukela circle solar, nokuntula curls-ray ukubukeka awuzange zokudonsa, ngakho organically kuhlangene inkanyiso enkulu Uhlaka ezizungezile.
• "Travnik" - umhlobiso herbal, iphethini noma ugu sedge edlelweni utshani.
• "Leaf, berry" - edwetshwe eningi amaqabunga kanye amajikijolo, izimbali kanye neziqu, eyinkimbinkimbi ezihlangene nomunye.

Ngokungafani "ihhashi", Khokhloma, okuyinto amaphethini imali igolide ngesisekelo obomvu noma omnyama, kwakubhekwa "isizinda." Izinhlobonhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu Imidwebo yangemuva engavumelekile itholakala "Kudrin", okuyinto isithombe eliqoshiwe amahlamvu nezimbali. Okuphindaphindayo Kudrevatov curls, kuphenduke amaphethini eyinkimbinkimbi, izimbali, amahlamvu, futhi zonke izinhlobo amajikijolo, ingadi kanye ihlathi. Lesi sitayela Umdwebo kuphawuleka ukusetshenziswa ububanzi ekusondeleni emigqeni nentaba, kusiza yahamba izingxenye ngabanye.

Yamakhathalogi

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-20 zaqala nokumisa Khokhloma imidwebo, iphrintwe lwemibhalo nge zezinhlobo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, futhi engcono baklonyeliswa isitifiketi. Imisebenzi master abaculi e isitayela "Khokhloma", izithombe kanye nemidwebo okuyinto yashicilelwa emaphephandabeni, baba abahlanganyeli imincintiswano ehlukahlukene kanye nemibukiso. Abalobi Nguwe imikhiqizo wathola imiklomelo kanye nemiklomelo amakghonwabo. On imibukiso ezifana wonke umuntu engathenga umkhiqizo eyenziwe isitayela kwezobuciko ngokuthi "Khokhloma". Isithombe ngohlelo wizadi nomkhiqizi kwenza ngokushesha. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngemva kwalokho yinto enhle lacquered ngijabulisa enkosini yayo.

Khokhloma amehlo ingane

Izinkulisa, nursery izingadi ngisho ezikhathini Soviet, wathola ifenisha, eyenziwe isitayela Khokhloma imidwebo. Futhi nakuba lesi sitayela kwezobuciko bezilokhu kubhekwe "omdala" izingane ukujabulela ngempela zonke ithebula, ibhecwe umculi. Yiqiniso, bekungelona ezenziwe ngesandla, imikhiqizo abangu zaveza ifenisha imboni, by wokunyathelisa kwesikrini. Kodwa wayekhona umbono yobuciko okusezingeni eliphezulu Khokhloma imidwebo, futhi kwamjabulisa izingane. Kanye izingane nabazali bajabule. Ngenxa yalokho, izingane Khokhloma kwakungekho sibi ukwedlula "omdala".

Theme for Tindzaba esikoleni

Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zihlukene. Khokhloma - kuyini iphuzu uthisha umbono? Ezikoleni eMoscow nesifunda eMoscow, kanye nakwamanye amadolobha Russian ku iprogramme ivuliwe isihloko Russian Folk yobuciko neyezandla, lapho kukhona khona indawo yokuqala ubuciko Khokhloma imidwebo. Umlando walo eside futhi emhlabeni odumile sikwazi abafundi bengasheshi ukuveza imibono yabo siqu, ukuyibeka ephepheni bese ukulinganisa. Kungaba yonke indaba ngesihloko noma indzaba lemfisha. Khokhloma njengoba art uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngempumelelo, likufanele abadala ukunakwa-esikoleni. Nokho, amakilasi aphansi, futhi, kungaba iqhaza mpikiswano.

Khokhloma engomeni uhlobo

Umsebenzi wezandla ngokuvamile kuhlangene nezinye izigaba lokusungula. Art Khokhloma Umdwebo iyathinteka. Ingoma "Khokhloma" eside iwine ukuthandwa. enza wakhe umculi abahlabeleli, abahlabeleli nabahlabeleli ngabanye. Ihubo Beautiful, izinkondlo soulful, futhi, ebhaliwe evela inhliziyo. Ngezinye Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" akuyona nje endaweni ehloniphekile.