Russian Folk izikebhe. Inganekwane yasendulo Russian Folk izikebhe. Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla

Russian Folk izikebhe ihlanganisa ungqimba enkulu isiko. I engavamile wezwe lakithi futhi yokuthi cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye ke, isifunda noma isiyingi ezizimele has uhlobo ayo ngenalithi. Kungaba ababethi ngezinto ezahlukene, zobumba kanye amathoyizi, lace, ehla nokunye okuningi.

imidwebo

Sekuyisikhathi eside Russia kwaba abadumile wonke abaculi emhlabeni. Amaphetheni ezinjalo okwenzile amakhosi ethu, asikwazi ukucabanga noma yimuphi umculi oyedwa European. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngisho ezinye ithuthukiswe izindawo nezikole ukuthi uqhubeke isiko abantu bethu.

Uhlu lwazo zonke izinhlobo kanye namasu yokudweba eRussia cishe ayinakwenzeka. Ziningi kakhulu, futhi ngalinye ithwala endaweni ethile, namasiko. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke Russian Folk yobuciko neyezandla, lokhu:

• Gzhel. Lezi amaphethini okwesibhakabhaka zobumba ezimhlophe yaziwe CIS futhi aphesheya. Ekuqaleni tableware kusuka ngobumba olumhlophe ekhethekile esetshenziselwa izidingo zalo siqu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, liye lasakazekela kulo lonke elaseRussia, waze waqala ukuba isetshenziselwe "izidingo zokwenza imithi." Iphethini yasekuqaleni futhi ongasoze isidlo ezimhlophe eyavela kamuva kakhulu - ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka.
• yezandla yobuciko - Khokhloma. Lona omunye izimpawu owaziwa yeRussia. Lokhu imicabango iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-400. It kwavela Nizhny Novgorod. I engavamile sibalo ukuthi isihlahla noma imbiza esibonisa amajikijolo ahlukahlukene, izimbali, izinyoni nezilwane. Isebenzisa inki ikakhulukazi ezimnyama on isizinda igolide. Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa eluhlaza nephuzi.
• Gorodets imidwebo. Le mboni uhlukile izinhlobo ezahlukene ukhuni ekuqaleni esasisetshenziselwa amasu nendlela yakhe: ukukhanya ngayinye, nalezi ezinye amnyama. Ngo kude ekhethekile ifakwe cutout izingxenye futhi ithola isithombe sokuqala. Kamuva baqala ukusebenzisa tint. Cishe zonke afanekisele isivikelo esiyinhloko - ihhashi enhle obuncane nentamo eyeluliwe.

Ngaphandle kwalezi amasu, asebenzisa obuciko yezandla, kukhona okusafanele emifanekiso ukuthi zonke eRussia uyaziqhenya kuze kube yilolu suku. Ziyakwazi uphawu wezwe lakithi futhi isihloko umuzwa wokuqhosha kuye. It Zhostovo futhi Mezen imidwebo, Fedoskino futhi Palekh emincanyana , nokunye okuningi.

zobumba

It is ukuthi abaseRussia asendulo ayengabantu abantu ogxile umzimba futhi ikhuthele ezaziwayo. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene zobumba. Ngakho-ke, ethandwa ngalezo zinsuku kwaba Russian Folk izikebhe - zobumba.

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi ekuqaleni lokhu kwakwenziwa ngokukhethekile abesifazane. Kwaba kamuva ukuthi le misebenzi bathunyelwa ngokugcwele zandla ezinamandla babantu.

Njengomthetho, babandakanya ukuhweba ezindaweni wayenemfuyo zemvelo ngobumba. Njengomthetho, bona kwamiswa eduze emizaneni nemizana. Izimfihlo zobumba lidlule ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Izifunda edume kakhulu eRussia, okuyinto idume izingcweti zayo, zenziwa zobumba ezinhle baba Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda nabanye abaningi. Ngokuvamile, laba babengamadodana izindawo ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi.

Ubumba senziwa izinto hhayi kuphela. ezihlukahlukene Ukuntuleka amathoyizi, imifanekiso amakhwelo, ubucwebe kanye ekhaya impahla. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - zenza Gzhel. Ekuqaleni ekhiqizwa tableware ahlukahlukene sobumba. Manje nhlobo isiRashiya isikhumbuzo esitolo ungathola ucezu zobumba nge nokuphathelene iphethini blue esiyingqayizivele.

Esikhathini Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni zobumba umsuka ekhulwini XVI. Omunye amaphuzu akhe kwaba Bogorodskoye. Kuze kube manje, kukhona umkhosi masters kanye abalandeli kulo msebenzi.

Ngo ngumgogodla Russia liye laziwa kabanzi futhi wasebenzisa tile zobumba. Lokhu art edingekayo kuyikhono okhethekile nokukhuthazela. Clay obnalichnikami amakhaya ahlotshiswe boyars ocebile, kanye amasonto amaningi amasonto ababhishobhi.

Ukwaluka and lace

Lena cishe ngenxa art bendabuko Russian okufanayo, efana umdwebo noma eqoshwe. Nokho, lokhu Russian Folk izikebhe lasendulo kwenziwe umsebenzi imilingo. Phela, ezigqokisa amaSlav - kuyindlela hhayi kuphela ukuze ivikele kubanda nokubi, kodwa futhi kuyindlela enhle waphinda siqaphe noma yikuphi neso elibi, umonakalo noma isifo.

Yingakho iphethini kwi izihloko amakhosi Russian kubaluleke kangaka. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka ke cishe alishintshanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba ikhadi lebhizinisi ezizweni zonke abahlala ensimini ka-Russia. Futhi ifakwe ulwazi mayelana nentuthuko, imicimbi yayo ebalulekile namaqhawe.

Ezaziwa kakhulu kukhona yezandla ezifana:

• Objects yasendlini yenkosi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, leli khono bayazisa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile indawo yokulala emizini boyars abacebile nezikhulu kungabonwa amanxusa ezifekethisiwe zokudla kuhlanzekile yini, kanti izindwangu bafaniswe Special Nelineni izindwangu. Amakhosi edume kunazo uthenge Kadashevskaya zokuhlala kanye nesifunda Khamovniki eMoscow. imikhiqizo Futhi ezaziswayo Cherkasovo Breytovo Yaroslavl esifundeni.
• shawls downy. Lo mkhiqizo, efana matryoshka noma Khokhloma, kukhona isici esiphawula Russia. Ukuthandwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala Orenburg downy shawls. Ngokokuqala ngqá bona yaziwa kusukela kwekhulu XVIII. Zenziwa yoboya imbuzi ithambile futhi efudumele futhi usilika, zikakotini nezinye lokuluhlaza, kuthathwe njengesisekelo. Yaziwa isigamu-yoboya noboya Pavlovsky Posad shawls ezinyathelisiwe.
• Uleyisi. Ngokokuqala ngqá kulo msebenzi abantu yathi chithi saka ekhulwini XVII. Nomchilo senziwa ngesandla usebenzisa sokhuni stick-bobbins. Ngakho banayo notch sesigcilikisha ekhethekile. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi izinti amakhosi sifake amaphethini oyifunayo. izikhungo Aboriginal ka lace eRussia lezwakala Vologda, Mikhailovsky wesigodi ngo Ryazan, endaweni zaseSoviet Kirov esifundeni kanye Yelets wesifunda e Lipetsk esifundeni.

Njengezilwane eziningi Russian Folk yezandla, ukweluka lace esikhathini kweSoviet futhi namuhla cishe akwenzeki. It uhlala impela abaculi ezimbalwa ezazivunyelwe ukuba kabusha ngokuphelele amasu nezindlela amasiko asendulo.

Blacksmithing

Russia bekulokhu abadumile njalo abantu eqinile nenempilo. Ayikho Blacksmithing wonder isibe omunye lo msebenzi ahlonishwe kakhulu futhi ohlonishwa okhokho bethu. Kuyinto laba bantu eqinile futhi aqine ayeyizinganekwane futhi epics awabhalwanga njengoba ukuziqhenya isizwe namaqhawe alo.

Iron kuyaziwa njengoba okhokho bethu ngqo - lwamaSlav. Futhi kakade ekhulwini XI, Russian Folk izikebhe luvame kakhulu. Ngisho ubukhulu ngobukhulu elise nje eduze idiphozithi yanoma insimbi nobumba.

Ngokuvamile, ngensimbi kuphela kuvuna futhi kusetshenzwe metal. Kulokhu, inqubo UKWAKHA azizange zishintshe ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. Okokuqala, ucezu metal sekuqala ukufudumala usebenzisa sokukhanda, bese usebenzisa isando metal ohlangene futhi wonke slag isusiwe.

Ochwepheshe base benziwa izinkemba hhayi kuphela. Banika abantu sivala okhiye, izimbazo nemimese, izinzipho izinaliti, boilers, izinsimbi nokunye okuningi.

Izizinda eyinhloko Blacksmithing emzini Russian of Zlatoust steel, okuyinto bubaluleke kakhulu futhi lihlonishwa amakhosi ethu, njengoba inhlokodolobha yezikhali, ejele Pavlovsky, eSiberia, emzini Belev nabanye abaningi. Iimenno kulezi zindawo kwenziwa wensimbi ezidumile phakade kuhlanganisiwe ke ngesiRashiya Folk yezandla.

Woodcarving namathambo

Enye izikebhe lasendulo, kodwa asikukhohlwanga ngokuphelele. Abantu bethu bonke anencazelo engcwele. Ngisho ezintweni ezivamile zansuku zonke ukusetshenziswa okhokho wazama ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile. Kungenxa yalesi futhi kwakukhona ahlukahlukene abantu yezandla izicelo. Okwakwaziswa ngokukhethekile imikhiqizo esakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo: itshe, ithambo noma ukhuni.

Ngaphandle ukuthi omunye wesifazane akwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene yasendlini, ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla nokunye., Ngosizo ngentambo kuhlobisa mbumbulu zezakhiwo, kwenza izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kanye nokunye. D.

ukuthandwa Special ithole yezandla ezifana:

• Shemogodskaya emseleni Elm. Lokhu art has kwaqala Vologda esifundeni. Elm, naphezu fragility yayo sobala, ngempela izinto eziqinile futhi iqine. Vologda amakhosi ukwenza obhasikidi ahlukahlukene, zobumba, obhasikidi, jewelry ngisho izicathulo kanye izingubo. I engavamile wale mikhiqizo ukuthi iphethini bendabuko okwakuthandelene zemvelo umhlobiso ezimibalabala, amaqabunga kanye amajikijolo, izimbali kanye neziqu.
• Varnavinsky ithambo eqoshwe. Lena ubuciko Nizhny Novgorod Folk art amakhosi. Udaba Kusekelwe ekhethekile endlini Decor, wabulawelwa izinkuni. I engavamile wale mikhiqizo yiyona ubunjalo ngokuphelele futhi ubuntu. Phela, zonke ucezu wenziwa ngesandla, ngaphandle izifanekiso kanye izitembu.
• Abramtsevo-Kudrino ngentambo. Lo msebenzi wobuciko ongavamile baziwa kakhulu ekhulwini XIX. Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le kwenza amabhakede, izitsha, isitsha sezimbali kanye namabhokisi, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinto futhi ekhaya lokubhalela izinto. I engavamile wale mikhiqizo ukwanda ahlukahlukene curls, rosettes, amagatsha, toning futhi wokucwebezelisa kwezinkuni.

Ngaphezu kwalezi yezandla, eRussia amakhosi ocebile ezingeke nje ukusebenzisa amaphetheni etsheni, ithambo noma ukhuni. Ababona, kunjengokungathi ongumphelelisi iphethini engokwemvelo umsebenzi impahla uqobo. Yingakho lezi imikhiqizo okungavamile kangaka futhi eyingqayizivele.

Handicrafts: amathoyizi

Into esemqoka kunoma yimuphi umkhaya - phambili zilwane. Yingakho izingane njalo basingatha ekhethekile. balandela Basuke, befundisa, yebo, kudlalwa nabo. Ukuze uthathe ingane, senze yezandla ezikhethekile: isikhumba, indwangu, ngokhuni, ngamatshe, njll ...

ubuciko Russian kanye nemisebenzi yezandla izingane:

• Matryoshka. Ithoyizi edume kakhulu ukuthi sekuwuphawu yeRussia. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli unodoli lokhuni Yavela ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Sekukonke, it siqukethe amayunithi 8. Kwenziwe ngomshini ojwayelekile unodoli turner. Labe zaveza ithole uhlobo amantombazane Russian efanayo, amakhophi amancane kuphela ngaphakathi.
• Toy Bogorodskaya, ezibaziweyo. Lezi amathoyizi waqala ukwenza emuva emashumini eminyaka XVI-XVII. Kulokhu, inkosi ayizange ukubaza nje abajwayelekile, kodwa futhi ezihambayo ekhethekile izibalo. It abazingeli, abalimi, izilwane nezinyoni, kanye izigcawu lonke Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga yasemakhaya.
• Dymkovo amathoyizi. Handicrafts we Emaphethelweni eyaziwa cishe kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ekhulwini xv, isiko ukuhlekisa amathoyizi-makhwela ezenziwe ngobumba. Lezi zinombolo kwezilwane, abantu izinyoni kwenziwe izithombe lasendulo. Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze ngomsebenzi wokudoba ayihambi njengenjwayelo, kusukela ubaba endodaneni futhi kusuka kumama kuya indodakazi.

Ukuze kwenziwe uhlu lwazo zonke lwamakhosi eyaziwa futhi lasendulo, abaye banikezela amakhono abo ukuze izingane, kungaba elingapheli. Futhi ngamunye beyiba uhlamvu amathoyizi ayo, nezici ezikhethekile, nobuntu lonke.

ingilazi wezimpimpi ukukhiqizwa

Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu imisebenzi enzima kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo ngesikhathi esifanayo. ERussia, izikebhe ohlabayo uvele hhayi kudala - ekhulwini XVIII. Umsunguli wawo kwaba Prince Menshikov. Futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni ukwenziwa ngabantu bezinye izizwe abamenyiwe ke umsebenzi isibe wethu kazwelonke Russian Folk izikebhe.

Glass-yokukhiqiza isikhungo okwakuseduze layo umuzi Klin. Yilapho-ke thina ungathola embukisweni fabulous Christmas imihlobiso nemihlobiso. Kungani lokhu edolobheni eduze eMoscow? Le ndawo amumethe idiphozithi yanoma esibalulekile glassblowers isihlabathi - asebenza ngebhethri, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka okwenza.

Enye indawo eyaziwa ezweni lonke, kungcono uGus Crystal. Idolobhana neyasemhlabeni i ifektri lasendulo ingilazi wezimpimpi, eyasungulwa ekhulwini XVIII futhi kungokwalabo osomabhizinisi abadumile Russian Maltsov.

Ubani lesi sitshalo esimangalisayo ukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo kulokhu kwaziswa ethambile. Lokhu yewayini futhi yewayini, isitsha sezimbali kanye damasks, futhi izinto eziyizikhumbuzo ezithakazelisayo ngisho ekhaya impahla.

Modern izikebhe nemibukiso

Manje into esemqoka ngobuciko eziningi Russian nabakhandi - ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Ukuthandwa - kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo. Lapho bebaningi abantu abazisebenzisayo ukwazi futhi bazise lo msebenzi, ngcono, oda ngaphezulu bayizingcweti.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yezandla ukusiza isizukulwane esisha ukuqonda umlando kanye namasiko ezweni lakubo. Lena akuyona nje ezithakazelisayo futhi ulwazi, kodwa futhi kumnandi ngempela, ikakhulukazi izingane ezisencane. Phela, cishe yilowo nalowo umkhiqizo wethu isebenzisa imibala egqamile, funny izithombe nge funny izinhlamvu.

Njengoba ojwayelekile, lapho bagxila ukukhiqizwa kwe yezandla ezihlukahlukene emkhathini kunemishini engu nemibuthano yezohwebo yonyaka. Kukulo muzi lapho amakhosi ukuletha imikhiqizo yabo kangcono isibonisi nokudayiswa.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke futhi Fairs ezithakazelisayo namuhla:

• "Isikebhe" embukisweni yezandla. Kuthatha indawo Nizhny Novgorod njalo ngonyaka. Nazi yobuciko neyezandla hhayi kuphela abaculi bendawo, kodwa futhi engcono Russian sezingcweti. Lo mcimbi senzeka phakathi no-December.
• Ethnomir - amakhosi kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Lokhu embukisweni senzeka Kaluga esifundeni ngo-September. It uhlanganisa amakhosi best of Russia kanye nezwe. Njengengxenye lomkhosi iphinda isingathe a workshop okuthakazelisayo nokuwusizo wonke umuntu.

Solovetsky yezandla Fair. Lona umcimbi waminyaka ku Arkhangelsk esifundeni wavakashelwa okuyinhloko kusukela Yaroslavl, Kostroma, eMoscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod nakwamanye amadolobha ingcweti kanye nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Lwaziswa ngokukhethekile izivakashi yezandla - Khokhloma, gzhel namathoyizi.

Ngaphandle idatha Fairs, zikhona namanje nabaningi ukuqoqa inqwaba yabantu kanye neqhaza kabusha ukuvela yezandla eside ukhohliwe.

ummese ukudoba

Art ukucutshungulwa sensimbi barhatjha kulo lonke elaseRussia. Futhi ezindaweni ezahlukene baphola izikhungo zokukhiqiza izindwani, izitsha, Cutlery ahlukahlukene.

ezidumile ikakhulukazi ikhono lakhe ukuze balukhulume kahle Nizhny Novgorod. Centre of kwezobuciko izikebhe metal baba Pavlovskaya Sloboda. Isikhumbuzi lokuqala kuye uvele ekhulwini XVI. Khona-ke ubuciko yezandla basakazekela kwezinye izindawo futhi izifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, edolobhaneni Vorsma. Ubuciko kanye nekhono wezingcweti wendawo babaziwa kude Russia. Phakathi eSoviet Union kule ndawo laliyinhloko-dolobha olusemthethweni "Ukudoba ummese."

imimese Russian nezinto abangu ehlotshiswe ezihlukahlukene izinto, kusukela emathanjeni kuya iparele nejaspi. Bathola a umbhalo okhethekile, okuyinto alenzanga nje umhlobiso, kodwa futhi uhlobo ukukhiqizwa isitembu.

Omunye izindlu edume kakhulu ukuthi wenze lokhu abantu izicelo yezandla umndeni indaba nokudluliselwa ubuchwepheshe namasu ukuhweba kusuka ubaba endodaneni, baba Ptitsyn Zavyalov futhi Biryutiny. imikhiqizo yabo wenze bayilibale ukujabulisa ukuhweba e Philadelphia, London, Berlin naseParis.

Ubucwebe ibhizinisi eRussia

Lona omunye yezandla eyigugu kakhulu futhi ethandwa zabantu bakithi. Kuze kube manje, umkhiqizo we-Russian lasendulo amakhosi mangaza ingqondo umcabango izivakashi kanye nochwepheshe eminyuziyamu eziningi kanye nemibukiso. Jewelcrafting kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi kusekelwe yezandla eziningi nasemisebenzini yezandla. Lokhu UKWAKHA, ukubaza, imidwebo, nokunye okuningi.

Ubucwebe ephelezelwa umuntu Russian kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni. Ngisho ku ingane izingubo iyiphi ubuhlalu yamhlaba izindlebe amantombazane ezineminyaka engu-6-8. Boys bathambekele bathembele icici elilodwa kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalezi imihlobiso, abantu namasongo ahlukahlukene ethandwa, izindandatho namasongo eziyigugu, buckles nokunye. Izinto ezivamile eRussia kukhona igolide, isiliva kanye amapharele. Kamuva, esikhathini yentuthuko asebenzayo of ubudlelwano ukuhweba, kwakukhona ngeyamarubi, emeralds, ngamasafire futhi garnets.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindlu kwesikhulu Russian ngokuvamile wamenywa amakhosi angaphandle, eRussia babebaningi amaqhawe abo siqu. It UGavrilă Ovdokimov ababenze izinkalankala ukumboza abafileyo Tsarevich Dmitry, eMoscow amakhosi Ivan Popov, Pestrikov Tretyak futhi Athanasius Stepanov.

Ubucwebe izikebhe izikhungo babé ezimaphakathi, futhi isishiya yezandla - Gzhel, UKWAKHA kwezobuciko nokudweba nokunye, Nizhny Novgorod, Red Village, Omkhulu Ustyug nabanye abaningi.