Miniature Palekh. Abantu ngokudoba edolobhaneni Palekh

Omunye izinhlobo amahle kakhulu abantu yezandla kuyinto Russian lacquer ezincanyana izikhungo yesimanje zazo zitholakala Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera futhi Kholui. isikhungo oMdala lokhu art - edolobhaneni Palekh we-Ivanovo esifundeni, kusukela lapho abaculi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, hhayi kuphela zaveza imifanekiso, kodwa futhi zibe izindonga e-Orthodox abuyisela amasonto ubudala futhi amasonto ababhishobhi. miniature Palekh, esadaleka ngenxa yezinguquko ezingokwenhlalo kwamasiko eziye ezaqubuka eRussia emva Okthoba Revolution kuka-1917, wakwazi ukulondoloza isiko wakudala ka isithonjana umdwebo bese uthumele ukuba amafomu amasha nigcwalise kubalulekile ngenye okuqukethwe umphakathi.

Umlando nge-lacquer-Russian

I-Russian lacquer Umdwebo sekuneminyaka ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. It ubhekwa ekuqaleni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho umthengisi eMoscow Korobov wasungula ifektri ukwenziwa visors lacquered okuhloswe ngezigqoko ibutho Russian. Okuncane lacquered uvele kancane kamuva, lapho ngaleso Russian imperial enkantolo siko isinemfu yimfashini. Korobov wakwazi ngokushesha impela ukuba ahlele ukukhiqizwa miniature lacquer amabhokisi - isinemfu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi gizmos ziye zasetshenziswa ukuhlobisa amakamelo. Ngakho, izimfuneko zawo umhlobiso oseye waphakama. Kamuva imisebenzi abaculi Russian kukhona luhluke kusuka onobuhle Western kanjani inqubo ngokubulawa, kanye nezikhonzi waba liphinyiselwe uhlamvu kazwelonke. Ngakho, ngo-Russian lacquer miniature uvele izinhlamvu izigcawu kusuka Folk yezinganekwane futhi ezinganekwaneni nezincwadi zakudala futhi lasendulo isiRashiya, ikhombisa amasiko Russian nasendleleni yabo yokuphila, nokuzala ubuhle bemvelo ezizungezile.

Izikhungo Russian lacquer emincanyana

ERussia namuhla kukhona izikhungo ezine, okuyinto ngenkuthalo Ukuthuthukisa ukulondolozwa emasikweni art Russian ka-miniature lacquer umdwebo wasendulo: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy futhi Mstera. Ngaphambi 1917, yonke imizi ngaphandle Fedoskino, babaziwa eRussia njengoba izikhungo ezinkulu isithonjana imidwebo, okuyinto akagcinanga isithonjana, kodwa futhi ukulungiselela ukubuyiselwa master futhi udonga imidwebo amathempeli. Ngayinye yalezi izikhungo ukudala sezimpawu ezivamile isiko Orthodox, kodwa futhi kwadingeka timphawu ayo ehlukile. Benkathi Ephakathi Kholui, ngangokunokwenzeka in the iconography, babe eduze okwangempela bendabuko isiRashiya, izakhamizi Mstera balandela emasikweni imiphakathi Old Engakholwa lezifunda ezahlukene isiRashiya, Palekh abaculi enze kakhulu imifanekiso ingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli Orthodox.

Kanjani iconography e Palekh

Ekhulwini XVI Palekh izakhamizi bedle izikhungo Kuye kwaphakama iconography ngaphambili futhi Kholui Shuya waqala ukuzama isandla sakhe ubhala imifanekiso. Imizamo babembalwa futhi ngiphumelela kakhulu yini ngibenze.

Phakathi XVII ekhulwini udumo we Palekh isithonjana abadwebi safinyelela eMoscow, futhi abaculi Uyamenya ukwenza umsebenzi esigodlweni. Uma ekhulwini XVII e esifundazweni uVladimir isithonjana wabhala yimuphi umuzi omkhulu, ekhulwini XVIII laliyisikhungo imifanekiso ezintathu eziyinhloko: Holuy, Mstera futhi Palekh. Paleshane, ngokungafani izakhamuzi ezingaphezu anezimboni Mstera Kholui futhi, kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni XIX leminyaka kuhlanganiswe ezolimo zabo zendabuko nge nokuloba imifanekiso ngesikhathi sakho ensimini. Vyrisovalas ngokucophelela amasiko izithonjana zadalwa kancane futhi zazibiza.

I Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kubhekwa sokuthuthwa kwempahla Palekh isithonjana imidwebo. Kwaqalwa ngo Palekh imifanekiso ithengiswe hhayi kuphela e-dolobha emadolobheni amakhulu Russian, kodwa futhi phesheya.

Maphakathi nekhulu XIX e Palekh ihlelwe workshop eyokuqala engeka Safonov, Corinne, futhi Nanykinu UDALOVA. Ngu ekuqaleni XX leminyaka, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma imifanekiso busakazeke, eshibhile futhi izinga kancane. Ukufika kombuso izithombe ezishibhile, iphrintwe typographically, okwaholela ekuncipheni kwenani iconography nokuqedwa izitolo eziningana owaziwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e Kholui, Palekh futhi Mstera ukuze kulondolozwe amasiko Russian isithonjana ukuqeqeshwa Umdwebo sivikelwe iKomiti workshop zadalwa, eyathatha kuze 1917.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution, kuze 1923, iningi abaculi e Palekh nawumsebenzi. Othile babehambile beyofuna umsebenzi edolobheni, abanye baye bazama ukwenza amathoyizi, izitsha noma izimbadada aluka. Kuze 1923, imizamo eminingana benziwa ukuzivumelanisa yangaphambili isithonjana-yokudweba amabhokisi, amathoyizi kanye lokhuni izinto. Nokho, izinto azihambanga kanye nesidingo ukukhululwa lemiqulu emikhulu ngamazinga aphansi, futhi kakhulu ubunjalo umkhiqizo kwaholela imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi.

Usuku lapho sidalwe Palekh lacquer ezincanyana ngesimo lapho siyazi ukuthi kufanele sithathwe ngokuthi ekupheleni 1922, ekuqaleni 1923. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho netiyetha umculi Ivan Golikov workpieces ayoni eyenziwe papier-Mache ukuze wenze ukudala "U-Adamu ePharadesi." Lo msebenzi unesithakazelo ukuphathwa Imyuziyamu yezinto ezenziwe ngezandla (namuhla - Folk Art Museum), ebelikude ukuphakela izikhala umculi futhi ukukhokhela umsebenzi wakhe. Esikhathini esizayo, inqubo exhunywe I. V Markichev, AV uphinde IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Yakhiwe ngu- laba baculi banikezwe ngo-1923 e-National Art and Industry Isentha eMoscow waklonyeliswa idiploma degree 1st. Ngo-1924, abaculi yafakwa embukisweni Venice, nase-ngo-1925 - eParis, lapho wadala furor futhi waphumelela kakhulu. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi Disemba 5, 1924 ku Palekh VV kanye AV Kotuhinymi, AI kanye AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM kanye I. Futhi Bakanov . Golikov sidalwe Artel umdwebo wasendulo.

Newborn Palekh miniature wanqwamana nezinto eziningi ezaba izinkinga: okokuqala, sasidinga impahla entsha - papier-Mache, ogama ubuchwepheshe awuzange abaculi abaziwayo, Paleshane, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingekile ukuba ngithuthe yokudweba imifanekiso web flat for ufometha izinto futhi izinto ezinikeza ivolumu shape.

A ezihlukahlukene amajamo kanye zaveza Palekh amakhosi izifundo kwaba mikhulu: iziqhano zokuhloba, bisernitsy, bele, amabhokisi, amacala usikilidi isinemfu amabhokisi, amacala lithatha isikhwama sezibuko kanye powder amabhokisi nokunye okuningi. Okuncane Palekh wesikhathi lenesicalo evelele Ornamental, kodwa awunazo izithombe ngokucace futhi ivela lwendaba. Izingoma yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi ethandwa wesikhathi babe empini, cowherd, ukuzingela, emaphathini kathathu.

Kuphephile ukuphetha ngokuthi kwakunjalo 20s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili e Palekh lacquer miniature kwakhiwa bedle kokubili lasendulo Russian isithonjana-imidwebo isiko, futhi izwe yobuciko.

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi yokuqala ukuthula, amakhosi amaningi Palekh emincanyana emisebenzini yakhe zibonisa impi izigcawu ezihlukahlukene, kokubili esanda kuphothula seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili nezinye izimpi ezinkulu ukuthi baletha udumo impi Russian. Esikhathini kwamashumi amahlanu, ngokuvumelana abagxeki abaningi, lacquer miniature Palekh ihlangabezana nenhlekelele sobala, okuyinto kwabangelwa ukuthambekela abaculi abaningi okwangempela ngokweqile, zinganakiwe umsebenzi futhi romance intuthuko nobuntu imisebenzi zeminyaka eyedlule. miniature Palekh, isithombe ngezansi, libonisa ngokucacile ithonya imibono yamaSoviet wesikhathi kumculi.

okwangempela ngokweqile, monumentality bokubanga agcwele iningi imisebenzi Nokho wadala kule minyaka, futhi wahlala ezinye amakhosi Ukulondolozile isiko romanticism nesikole ubudala.

Sixties zinezikhathi monumentality futhi ngokweqile ekuhambeni okungokwemvelo, kodwa amagquma kanye ufasimbe romantic ayebuyele eziphambekweni Palekh lacquer miniature futhi iba asankondlo ziyimifanekiso. Phakathi nale nkathi, abaculi paleshane isikhalazo hhayi kuphela imithombo abantu, kodwa futhi imisebenzi nezincwadi zakudala, kanye iculo yesimanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izenzakalo eziphawulekayo emphakathini, ezifana, isibonelo, abantu indiza emkhathini, futhi wathola ukubonakaliswa kwayo ngemisebenzi amakhosi.

Ngeminyaka yoma futhi Eighties kwekhulu XX kwakuyinkathi bachuma ka Palekh imidwebo. abaculi Palekh bamenyiwe ukuthuthukisa amasethi izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ekhonsathini, umhlobiso izingane futhi izinhlangano zamasiko.

yesimanjemanje

Njengoba ngasinda 90s nzima, paleshane Ushiye ukudoba zabo zendabuko. Palekh art esikoleni ngonyaka ukhiqiza abaculi abasha, olondolozela ngokucophelela amasiko kanye nezici, okuyizinto ezithakazelisayo ngakho Palekh yesikhumbuzo. Namuhla kukhona ama cooperatives eziningana namabhizinisi umndeni, zenziwa kule yendabuko Palekh lacquer ware.

izici zayo

Umdwebo Palekh, njenganoma iyiphi enye Folk art ukuthi sesakhiwe kwezinye izindawo, inezici ayo ehlukile kanye namasiko. Njengoba sekushiwo, izinhlanzi yisakhiwo sodumo amakhulu eminyaka adunyiswe Palekh. Lacquered thumbnail imifanekiso usuthathwe sebuningini izici, njenge, isibonelo, ukwakheka ukwakhiwa, nokunakwa ngokucophelela imininingwane. Singasho ukuthi ezincanyana Palekh rose emasikweni isithonjana umdwebo wasendulo. Kusukela kwezinye izikole zomphakathi Palekh lacquer Umdwebo isitayela libhekene izici ezilandelayo:

• prorisovyvanie izingoma okuqinile futhi izifundo;
• Umdwebo miniature;
• bafaniswe cefe iphethini Ornamental;
• imininingwane ngokucophelela element ngayinye;
• ukunwebeka kanye fragility lezinombolo womuntu;
• fineness okukhiwa abantu kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba;
• ezihlukahlukene umbala ukuhwebelana;
• Sebenzisa nezizinda amnyama;
• ukusetshenziswa amaqanda tempera;
• igolide painted.

Kodwa ukuze umculi wakwazi ukuqala ukudala izithonjana, kuzomele uqale ukwakha umkhiqizo papier-Mache ezokwenza ngemvume.

Indlela yokwenza papier-Mache?

Wenziwe of amakhadibhodi, okuyinto ngaphambili sibe yimichilo, ezigcotshwe unamathisele, ufulawa kakolweni okuphekiwe, kanye isetshenziswa isikhunta sokhuni (ingot) ukugqagqana. Ngemuva kokuthi bathole ukushuba oludingekayo, kanye amakhadibhodi nalutho iqinile ngendlela cindezela ekhethekile. Ungaphansi kwengcindezi basuke iguqulwe ibe amashubhu ezakheke ehlukahlukene nobukhulu. Onomfutho ngaleyo ndlela kunenze nisondelane omile ekamelweni lokushisa cishe amasonto amabili. I preform omisiwe lehliselwa ebusuku ukuxoxa uwoyela linseed ngokuba impregnation, okwathi ngemva kwalokho babuyela omile izinsuku ezine kuhovini ekhethekile lapho izinga lokushisa inakekelwa at 120 ⁰ C. In the isinyathelo esilandelayo workpiece ingumhlabathi futhi primed. Ngemva besila etsheni yangaphandle surface amaningi alo superposed zamatshe black lacquer, kanye kwangaphakathi - Isizinda ukuvenisha nge cinnabar. Ekupheleni inqubo bonke ubuso lacquered enezingxenye eziningana lacquer ukukhanya. Ngemuva kwesicelo of ungqimba we preform ngamunye womile ezingeni lokushisa ethile kuhhavini. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye zonke lezi manipulations, umculi bazokwazi ukuqala umdwebo.

Amasu nezindlela

Njengoba sekushiwo, izinto esinye sezici emimoya Palekh lacquer Umdwebo miniature kuyinto upende Iqanda tempera. Ukuze ukupenda kungukuthi kwaphoqa olubushelelezi ukuvenisha kwamanzi, it is ngokukhethekile ziphathwe itshe ilula. I nentaba picture esizayo lisetshenzisiwe umkhiqizo, ipensela abukhali futhi underpainting kwenziwe. Kuyinto ngaye kuzosetshenziswa komfundi sebuningini izingqimba esobala ezondile imidwebo. izinyathelo Ubude eziyisisekelo yokudala isithombe ezinhlanu:

1. Roskrysh - main basting Silhouettes futhi wabuka.

2. Residence imvume - hlandla wabuka futhi shades.

3. Plavi - isicelo okunamafutha ketshezi lessirovochnomu upende imivimbo.

4. Blikovka - notching wenziwa igolide encibilikisiwe.

5. Awokufulema yokudweba igolide iphethini.

Ngemva kwalokho, igolide nomhlobiso amisiwe njengoba agathe Isigaxa ophucuziwe noma impisi izinyo ke lonke sihloko camera nge 6-7 izingqimba lacquer. Ngemuva kwesicelo umsebenzi walowo nalowo womile, iphucuziwe kwi ezipholisha ethangeni ekhethekile, bese sihamba kokuqeda isandla ophucuziwe. evele lacquered, iphucuziwe ukuze licwebezele, enikeza isithombe i ukujula wanezela futhi kwenza upende 'esiphilile' ocebile kakhulu futhi ezithambile.