Athena Parthenos: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Heritage lesintu uye walondoloza imisebenzi omangalisayo yobuciko. yobuciko eminingi yezakhiwo, imidwebo, imisebenzi izincwadi kanye nomculo namanje owuthanda abantu namuhla. Ungabona kubo emibukisweni, ezindaweni zemibukiso kuwo, ezizimele. Ezinye nengcebo isizwe zisekhona ngaphansi komhlaba noma embozwe ezigodlweni nezigodlo.

Kodwa kuvela, umlando imisebenzi odumile ukuthi awuzange sibabone. Abantu abaningi ukufunda ngazo eminye imisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Athena Parthenos waziwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa amakhophi nezincazelo. Okwamanje, akukho ukubaza bangempela. Kodwa echaza ubuhle namanje kugcina umsebenzi by Phidias ezisenkumbulweni abantu yesimanje.

Ukuze kuhlonishwe umuntu?

Akunzima baqagele ukuthi ubani lowo wayekhuluma Phidias. Athena Parthenos - ubeqhakambisa ukuthi kakhulu unkulunkulukazi lasendulo ngesiGreki, okuyinto kanye wayedume ngokuba intelligence nokuhlakanipha kwakhe. Athena kwakuyiParthenon ohlonishwa kakhulu unkulunkulukazi eGrisi lasendulo. Wayengumngane noyedwa kubabusi esikhulu kunazo zonke Olympus. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile yayibizwa ngokuthi unkulunkulukazi impi, Athena iye abasolekayo ulwazi, ubuciko, yezandla, futhi ukubizwa ngokuthi umvikeli amadolobha amazwe.

Indlela ibukeke?

Unganakile kwaba esibaziwe sika-Athena Parthenos okufanele avele phambi nathi sama yayo kweqiniso. Mhlawumbe kungenxa abaningi umlingisi ekhululekile kakhulu yeGrisi yasendulo. Kangangokuba ngokwezibalo kubhekwa njengento engavamile kakhulu futhi emnandi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubani uvezwa Athena yena uhlale nesibhamu owesilisa izimfanelo: zempi, izikhali nezihlangu. Futhi eduze unkulunkulukazi ungahlala izilwane engcwele.

Ngokuvamile Athena - owesifazane fair-onezinwele ezimhloshana, futhi sulfide. Homer ingabe cabanga ke "sovookoy". Mhlawumbe lokhu kuqhathanisa kungenxa yokuthi lowo ozayo ngokuvamile ukubona isikhova, uphawu yokuhlakanipha. Akunandaba lapho sifunda ku-Athena, noma ezinkondlweni, kungakhathaliseki temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, kungakhathaliseki on ngendwangu, abenzi njalo uzama ukugqamisa amehlo akhe amakhulu.

Izimfanelo eyinhloko uPallas namanje akwaziwa ukuthi esigqokweni kwadingeka yokhalo okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi Aegis, noma isihlangu, ehlotshiswe inhloko Medusa le Gorgon. Futhi uvale nge, ikakhulu izithombe, ungabona womuthi womnqumo, okuyinto kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso kwesihlahla esingcwele, isikhova futhi inyoka - uphawu ngokuhlakanipha ezimbili. Athens lihlangane ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi Nike - unkulunkulukazi ezinamaphiko.

kumbhali

Abantu abaningi baphupha ukulondoloza isithombe 'Parthenos Athena "emlandweni wesintu. UMbazi Phidias ubelokhu wahlala umdali lonkulunkulukazi omkhulu ezingqondweni zabantu. UMdali wahlala iminyaka 400 ngaphambi kokufika kukaKristu. Wayengumuntu umngane Pericles, futhi kubhekwa umdwebi enkulu yenkathi zabuna okukhulu.

Kulo msebenzi yakhe eyathatha isikhathi esifushane, azidalile omningi umsebenzi. uhlamvu yabo main kwaba njalo u-Athena. Ngaphezu lowo ukulingana kamuva Parthenon, kwaba into ebaziwe lonkulunkulukazi phezu Athene Acropolis. Phidias wakhe wadala yokudumisa uzowanqoba namaPheresiya. Likhulu futhi wakhonza njengephayona beacon kumatilosi.

Lemnian Athena futhi ayizange ezisekhona kuze kube sezikhathini zanamuhla, kodwa ukwazi ngakho sibonga amakhophi. Lokhu esifanekisweni badalelwa abahlala esiqhingini Lemnos, kungakho igama. Siphinde ukwazi okwengeziwe ukubaza ezimbili, esibonisa unkulunkulukazi impi. Omunye wabo kwakungumprofethi u at Plataea, kanye nezinye nase-Akhaya.

Phidias futhi nombhali esinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo. Sikhuluma ebaziwe kaZeyusi e-Olympia. Lokhu esifanekisweni nguye kuphela ukuthi yayisezwekazini yeYurophu. It senziwa zemabula, futhi kukhulu kunenani yiliphi isonto ngaleso sikhathi.

ebaziwe

Njengoba yaziwa, esiveza Athena Parthenos kwaba ngo Parthenon. Leli thempeli lakhiwa njengekhaya unkulunkulukazi phakathi 447 kanye 432 eminyakeni BC. Esifanekisweni owenziwe lendlovu nangegolide. It yadalwa ukugubha impumelelo yeziMpi WasePheresiya.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uye eside Athena Parthenos beqiniso lashabalala, kuze kube yilolu suku iwuphawu elinye idolobha elikhulu ongabonakali. Ukunyamalala ebaziwe awukakaziwa ezaziwayo. Amaqiniso angokomlando asihole eConstantinople, lapho, mhlawumbe, esifanekisweni uthuthwa. Kulapha-ke ozokugiriza baphanga. Buyisela ukubukeka yokuqala uvumele amakhophi, imininingwane sculptural futhi izincazelo sikaPausanias futhi uPlutarch.

Eqolo

Kunzima ukuqonda uma Athena yethiwa ethempelini Parthenon, noma okunye kwaba ncamashi okuphambene. Manje singakwazi uqinisekise ukuthi Parthenos kusho "eyintombi, 'futhi Parthenon elisho ukuthi" iNdlu Virgin. "

Ithempeli ngokwalo engengaphansi ezikhexisayo. Kodwa esibaziwe sika-Athena Parthenos namanje kabanzi uthathwa njengoba umhlobiso eyinhloko isakhiwo. Izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane bathi ithempeli elakhiwa ukuya engalingana lokhu ebaziwe. Mhlawumbe lapho bakha i-Parthenon, uyazi kakade ukuthi Phidias ukubeka into efanayo nge esibaziwe sika-Athena Promachos.

Incazelo inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke esifanekisweni wanika uPliny. Wagomela ukuthi ukudalwa okwenzeka cishe 12 amamitha (yizingalo 26). lendlovu nangegolide sathathwa ekukhiqizeni yayo. Okokuqala Phidias isetshenziselwe ukudala izingxenye zomzimba lonkulunkulukazi, abanye benziwa baba zonke ezenziwe ngegolide.

Futhi asebenzelana ngayo yokuthi igolide angase kalula isuswe uma kwenzeka izinkinga zezimali. Kukho konke zokuhloba yasetshenziselwa ithusi, ingilazi, isiliva namatshe ayigugu. Ngenxa yalokho, Phidias wadala ebaziwe, obiza izikhathi eziningana ephakeme ukwedlula izindleko lonke ithempeli lika Parthenon.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi esifanekisweni wathatha omkhulu isinyathelo ukuphakama 4-8 amamitha. Njengoba ziseduze umnyango empumalanga, futhi kwaba ezungezwe amakholomu. Ngaphambi esifanekisweni kwaba ethangini elikhulu amanzi, okungase ngokuthi i-swimming pool yesimanje. Lokhu kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ehholo sonke isikhathi, kwaba ezimanzi, kanti izinyo lendlovu igcinwe ngaphansi kwalezi zimo.

okwakhiwe

ngokubabazekayo kakhulu futhi empini e Phidias waphenduka Athena Parthenos. Incazelo izingxenye likwenza kucace ukuthi esiphawulekayo sasiwukuthi lokhu ebaziwe. It collates kwaba sobala ukuthi ngesandla esisodwa unkulunkulukazi labetibambile kwesithombe Nike, ngenhlanhla, waba ukuphakama 2 amamitha, kodwa ngemuva main ubukhulu ukubaza wabheka miniature kakhulu. Ngo Ngakolunye uhlangothi Athena ephethe isihlangu.

He is impikiswano ngaleso sikhathi. Bazama evame kakhulu ikopishwe Abadali emhlabeni wonke. UPliny umangalele ukuthi isihlangu Phidias ukuboniswa impi ye Theseus kanye Amazons. Futhi lapha ungathola impi yamaRefa nonkulunkulu. Kukulo muzi lapho, futhi umfanekiso Medusa le Gorgon. Mhlawumbe, ngisho ezinye izinhlamvu ezithakazelisayo.

Ayikho ngaphansi ezikhangayo futhi yayibonakala nesigqoko Athena Parthenos. Wayesemhlabeni yakhe phakathi sphinx futhi griffins amabili aphezu komphongolo wobufakazi Pegasus. Futhi zazi ukuthi esikhathini imilenze kwaba unkulunkulukazi inyoka. Abanye bagomela ngokuthi silwane Phidias ibekwe isifuba ongumvikeli. Lokhu inyoka wanikwa unkulunkulukazi uZeyusi. Shoes ehlotshisiwe Centauromachy.

imininingwane ongabonakali

Yiqiniso, kwabanye imininingwane ongabonakali ebaziwe kungaba inkulumo ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe lapho akekho wabona ebaziwe? Athena Parthenos ugcwele izimfihlo kanye izimfihlakalo. Kukhona izinsolo ukuthi isihlangu unkulunkulukazi Phidias ibekwe isithombe sakhe futhi isithombe somngane wakhe Pericles. Kucatshangwa ke zigutshuzelwe konke ngaphansi Theseus futhi Daedalus.

Futhi, nabantu abaningi ayephila nabo babekholelwa ukuthi Phidias asithandayo abafana. lover yakhe kwaba Pantark abasha, owaba winner ekulweni kuma-Olympics. Le nsizwa kwakufanele ngakho umqophi imigwaqo eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "Pantark Omkhulu" waba ezibaziweyo omunye eziqoshiwe. Mhlawumbe kungenxa phezu umunwe Athena Parthenos zibukisa lokhu ukuqashelwa. Nakuba idatha okunokwethenjelwa ngale akukho. Mhlawumbe mbhalo kwakungumfowabo kwesithombe uZeyusi noma ebaziwe ka-Aphrodite Urania.

abalimala

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, Phidias yafeza lukhulu Athena ku Parthenon Gap. Uma esifanekisweni kaZeyusi ikhanda waphumula ngokumelene ophahleni, futhi kwakubonakala sengathi uma Thunder bayovuka, ebulala isakhiwo, unkulunkulukazi wabheka ngokuvumelanayo esikhaleni yezakhiwo.

Iqiniso lokuthi Phidias uye wayithumela ngokuphindaphindiwe nge Iktinos, umakhi, kuya kancane basuka uhlelo lokuqala bese yokubhala ethempelini Doric. UMbazi zidinga isikhala esiningi ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, thina awuboni 6 amakholomu classical nesishiyagalombili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi akuphi hhayi kuphela ezinhlangothini esifanekisweni, kodwa futhi ngemva kwaso. Athena kwaba sengathi alotshiwe Uhlaka yezakhiwo.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi

Kwatholakala, kunzima ukunquma isiphetho indalo. Futhi, akazi lapho wafa ukudalwa Phidias Athena Parthenos. Indaba iqala yakhe emhlabeni 447 BC. e., lapho umqophi wayethunywe futhi waqala ukusebenza. Kungakapheli neminyaka engu-9 kuya baba elisungulwe ethempelini.

Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, kwenzekani ingxabano kuqala. Phidias esikhundleni izitha kanye nomona, khona-ke kufanele senalungisiswa ngegama okuhlanza unembeza wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni engaphezu kweyikhulu, akukho lutho olwaziwa ngekusasa esifanekisweni. Kodwa ngo-296 BC. e. omunye umlawuli wamabutho wathatha igolide nge ebaziwe ukukhokha izikweletu zalo. Khona-ke kwadingeka ukuba kubekwe lethusi lensimbi.

Kusasele iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kamuva Athena Parthenos kabana umlilo. Kodwa ahluleka ukubuyisela. Ulwazi olulandelayo ibonakala usuvele 5th AD leminyaka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma umlilo ethempelini futhi ihlushwe isidalwa ezaziwayo. Esikhathini 10 leminyaka BC. e. wobuciko kwaba eConstantinople. Kwabe sekwenzekani - alaziwa.

isiphetho idwala

Sesivele kafushane zezimpi eziye zehlela Phidias. Kuyinto Athene Parthenos baba ngaye kuzalwa ukufa. UMdali umngane omuhle bese umeluleki we Pericles. Wasiza kuye nge kabusha ye-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Futhi, ngokuqinisekileko abanamakhono. Ngakho-ke izitha kanye nomona ayikwazanga ngidlula.

Waqale ihlangabezane kuzo lapho abesolwa ngokweba unkulunkulukazi igolide isembatho. Phidias akusiyo into ukufihla. It wayalelwa ukususa igolide kusukela phansi futhi uhlole. Ukushoda atholakele.

Kodwa wonke la macala kushabalele. Izitha ngifuna isikhathi eside, lokho carp. Isizathu sokugcina wabekwa icala udelele unkulunkulu. Abaningi bazi ukuthi Phidias wazama azibonakalise futhi Pericles kwi isihlangu Athena Parthenos. I umqophi wafakwa etilongweni. Kulapha, futhi kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Into kuphela mlando nezingqapheli ayikaziwa: wafa nobuhlungu noma ushevu.

inkazimulo

Phakathi imisebenzi edume kunazo Phidias ubhekwa Athena Parthenos. Incazelo kanye nomlando ke kuxhopha kangangokuthi, ukuthi lesi sidalwa yaziwa kithi kwaba seminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kamuva. Inkazimulo ebaziwe uqubuke ngonyaka. Mayelana naye wabhala ngokuphindaphindiwe ababephila Phidias, futhi abalobi kamuva. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho USocrates okukhulunywe Athena nokuchazwa nomqondo ubuhle.

Nangobukhulu imisebenzi futhi uthi inani lamakhophi kweziningi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. I ebaziwe olunembile kakhulu futhi acacile uhlala "Athena Varvakion". Itholakala National Museum yase-Athens. Ikhophi wesibili ofuze yafakwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwegama "Afina Lenorman."

Gorgon Medusa, okuyinto wabekwa ebhodini, njengoba ikopishwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kuyinto ikhophi ikhanda "Medusa Rondanini". Ubani lo ebaziwe itholakala Munich Glyptotek.

Hhayi nje abaculi wazama ukukopisha isihlangu yasekuqaleni. Omunye wabo igcinwe eBritish Museum ngokuthi "Strangford Shield." Ezinjalo njengoba kukhona Louvre.

indlu Athens

Manje kusukela Parthenon cishe lutho kwesokunxele. Nakuba ithempeli kunesithembiso nomlando omude, okuyinto, efana ebaziwe, egcwele izimfihlakalo futhi aliziphikisi. abavubukuli ngesiGreki nabakhi konke okusemandleni ethu kabusha isitayela yezincithakalo Antique. Kodwa bonke ubuhle nobuhle, yebo, ukudluliswa akunakwenzeka. Noma kunjalo, unomuzwa wokuthi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, kwakukhona nemicimbi yomlando, izintelezi kanye captivates. Izindaba kuqondisa ngonyaka ukuqoqa eziningi izivakashi, okuzokwenza shí emkhathini militancy lasendulo.