Sezombangazwe sefilosofi Tomas Masaryk: Biography, izici imisebenzi kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Tomas Masaryk kuya Czech Republic iqhawe langempela. Uyise wayengumholi wesonto tenhlangano, okuyinto ihlose ukufeza ukuzimela ngoba eCzechoslovakia. Ukudala isimo, waba ngumengameli weqembu lokuqala futhi wabusa kumiswa kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1935.

Ukuze kuzuzwe konke lokhu indoda edume kwaba Sibonga ukwazi izimfanelo zakhe ezivelele. Kusukela sihloko, ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomndeni, esikoleni, unkosikazi, imisebenzi umphakathi wakhe futhi ukubukwa zezombusazwe. Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Czech sefilosofi kwakushintsha kakhulu ukuphila kwabantu, ngoba lokho ngokobana "unguyise."

umndeni sefilosofi

Tomas Masaryk wazalwa ngo 03.07.1850, eMoravia (ke Austrian Empire). Umndeni wakhe ingeyamakhosi isisebenzi abavamile. Igama likaYise ayeyithanda kwakungu Josefa (wahlala 1823-1907). Ngu ubuzwe wayengumuntu Slovakia eHungary. Igama likanina - UTeresa (wahlala 1813-1887). Egameni lakhe sasekhaya wamzalela igama Kropachkova futhi ubuzwe kwaba bomdabu laseJalimane eMoravia.

Josef Masaryk babengenalo izwe ngisho emakhaya abo. Eminyakeni yakhe samasokana kwakuqashwa ukusebenza emapulazini amakhulu, futhi ngemva kokuzalwa Tomas waba coachman. Umndeni wawuhlala endlini inkonzo. UJosefa akazange aye esikoleni, ngakho funda kanzima. Ngesikhathi esifanayo waba ngumuntu uyaziqhenya nge uhlamvu oqinile, akazange esabe ukuphikisana emayelana nabaqatjhi bawo. Ngakho-ke, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukugcina ngokushintsha imisebenzi, ezinyakazayo kubunikazi eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Thomas yena wakhumbula ukuthi uyise wayekade bakwazi, kodwa indoda elula, ngakho endlini enkulu wayengunina. Esemusha, uTeresa wasebenza njengoba umpheki ezindlini ocebile, incekukazi, eVienna. Ngenxa yakubo iye Germanized ngokuphelele, wabhoboka futhi wabhala kuphela German. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, lapho amadodana akhe baba abaqavile emphakathini, wazama naye Slovak, kodwa kwathi engazala into embi.

Umndeni wakhuluma isiJalimane, kodwa uyise ngokuvamile wadlulela Slovak, kanye Tomas egcekeni ukudlala nontanga yabo.

isikhathi sesifundo

Ngesikhathi eseneminyaka eyisithupha Tomas Masaryk ngaya esikoleni e esikoleni sendawo. Wenzile ethuthuka kahle kakhulu esifundweni esikoleni, ngakho-ke uthisha belulekwa abazali bakhe ukuba umthume esikoleni esiphakeme. Benza kanjalo. Umfana lathweswa iziqu ngo-1863, wabuyela ekhaya. Lapha waqala ukusiza uthisha, funda umculo, ukufunda. I Teachers 'Seminary wathatha iminyaka eyishumi nesithupha kuphela ubudala, futhi Tomas kwaba nane kuphela, ngakho umama wanquma ukuba umthume Vienna ukwenza osafunda a Fitter sika.

Indlu amakhosi Umfana wagijima ngithunyiwe endlini. Uma omunye wabafundi wayezebile futhi ithengiswe izincwadi zakhe. It kwaba isizathu sokugcina, kanye Masaryk abasha wabaleka ekhaya. Abazali zanquma ukubathumela kuye njengenhlangano wensimbi osafunda. Ngakho ngabuye ngaphumelela ezinye ngonyaka.

Indima edlalwa Umfundisi wendawo wathi abantu emphilweni Tomas

Emphilweni wonke umuntu omkhulu kukhona izikhathi ukunquma indlela yayo esizayo. Angazi ukugwema lezi futhi Tomas Masaryk. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo wokuphila kwakhe ekugcineni wawuyoba akuphelele Ukhulumé umpristi wendawo. It kwakukhona uFranz satori wanika umfana ukufunda izincwadi zakhe, wamfundisa Latin athonya abazali kulabo wanikeza indodana yakhe ukufunda okwengeziwe. Umpristi wasiza umfana izivivinyo, futhi wakwazi ukubhalisa ekilasini lesikole German yesibili. Ngakho, ngo-engu-nanhlanu wathuthela emzini Brno.

Abazali akabamukisanga imali umfana, ngakho waphoqeleka ukuba abe umqeqeshi futhi kamuva wasebenza njengomsizi umfundisi ngoba indodana isikhulu samaphoyisa. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme yafunda nsizwa mahhala futhi wajabulela udumo omkhulu phakathi nezinye abafundi esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, it igxilile imibono mayelana ukuvuselelwa isizwe Czech. Ngenxa ezingqubuzana umqondisi Tomasz ayizange iziqu kulesi sikole.

Njengoba ngaleso Masaryk kwakukhona igama lesibili

Ukaputeni wamaphoyisa, ondodana yakhe wafundisa Masaryk wakhushulelwa futhi zayiswa Vienna. Wasiza le nsizwa ukuya Metropolitan sokuzivocavoca. Isoka lakhe lathweswa iziqu ngo-1872 eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi iziqu-University of Vienna, ukutadisha ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesikhathi amandla philological nefilosofi. Ngo eminyakeni embalwa liyoba likaprofesa e-University of Vienna nefilosofi.

Phakathi iziqu esikoleni wahlangana nensizwa yaseMelika Charlotte Garrigue. Yayiyindodakazi zaseNew York umnikazi. Ubaba wayesazisa kakhulu isikhundla ngokumelene ubuhlobo babo futhi yanikeza imvume yakhe, ngokuba umshado kuphela ngemva Masaryk wenqaba isipho. Abantu abasha Ayephila ukuphila okuphansi, usebenzisa Tomas izimali. Ngakho kwakukhona igama Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. Wathatha igama phakathi behlonipha umkakhe. Charlotte wamzalela izingane ezine futhi ufunde Czech.

Unkosikazi kuhlulekile wokuqoka imali, kodwa kukho konke wamsiza. Ngisho uma uye waqhubeka izinyanga eziningana ejele Austria I-yakhe yezombusazwe yomyeni wakhe. Futhi umkhaya Charlotte sika namanje ongawushiyanga indodakazi lutho. Lapho lo mbhangqwana Masaryk wahlala e-United States, Thomas wayesebenzela umukhwe wakhe, wakhuluma emibuthanweni, osomabhizinisi kanye osopolitiki, kuhlanganise omunye US kamongameli Woodrow Wilson.

umbuzo Czech

Ngenxa nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe, Tomas Masaryk babengenalo ithemba lokuthola kokuthunyelwe Uprofesa e Vienna. Ngaye, insindiso lapho 1882 ekuphathweni imperial sizovuleka -University of the Czech Republic. Wathuthela eCzech Republic futhi bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe ezemfundo, kuhlanganise elikhiphe "Ateneum" magazini.

ECzech Republic ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli Amaqembu amabili amakhulu - Young amaCzech namaRomany starochehi. Abamele kokubili izinhlangano sebemukele ukwamukelwa ngomguruguru imisebenzi nemicabango wesazi sefilosofi. Isikhathi sakhe eside engafuni ukwamukela, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Tomas wakwazi ukufakazela ngokunemba ngombono wakhe futhi lifinyelele gunya emphakathini zombili izinhlangothi ufuna ukwengeza igama lakhe uhlu lwabo. Ngale ndlela, ayenethemba ukuqoqa amavoti amaningi okhethweni ePhalamende Imperial.

Masaryk futhi wayefuna umphakathi ekusungulweni isimo Czech sinolimi lwaso namasiko. Nokho, wayengalokothi ngokumelene nesiko isiJalimane, bekholelwa ukuthi nokunonophala abanamasiko nezinkambiso ezihlukahlukene kwenza amaCzech namaRomany isizwe okuthuthukile futhi yehlukene kaningi okubalwa.

Kusukela ngo-1891, izinqubomgomo izikhathi eziningi abaqokelwe ephalamende (Czech futhi zinkulu). Wayehola umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela Party, bese eCzech Yabantu Party.

ukuphikiswa

Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ezombusazwe enecala wagwetshwa ukufa, bemmangalela lokuvukela umbuso. ECzech Republic saphela ngesikhathi umsebenzi wayo. Tomash Masarik waphoqeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.

Wayengumuntu ngokumelene inqubomgomo Austrian nempi. Masaryk wabona futhi waqonda ukuthi kanzima amaCzech namaRomany ukulwa lwamaSlav. Yingakho edala komhlaba anti-Austria.

Kulokhu, Tomas Garik Masaryk sengqondo kuyadida ngase Russia. Akazange ukukubona lokhu sizana kudalwa isimo Czech, nakuba esehlale khona, asebenzelana ngayo Maxim Gorky, uLeo Tolstoy.

Sezombangazwe umbimbi wabona e-UK, France, e-USA. Kuyinto la mandla neyaziwayo ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia National Council, eliholwa Masaryk.

Ngo-1917, wayephila Kiev, lapho esezinzile Council wakhe. Izinqubomgomo ngokuvamile waya eMoscow futhi Petrograd, wayegunde amathuba okufakaza kanjani amaBolshevik waqala ukubusa ngo-yonke imizi emithathu okukhulunywa.

Njengoba inhloko yezwe

Tomas Masaryk neCzechoslovakia kumiswa kuhlobene. Ngisho phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, igama lakhe laze lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yene zobuntu - sasibhekwa umholi ezingokomoya khulula eCzechoslovakia.

Sezombangazwe khona Admirer of isiko wamaNgisi namaMelika. Wayefuna ukwakha ovulekile multi-party intando yeningi. likaMengameli Masaryk kwakungasho uhlamvu neyobuntu. Wavumela ukwethulwa inqubomgomo isimo ezincane kazwelonke.

izinqubomgomo State kwaholela iminyaka 04.01.1934 kuze washayiswa unhlangothi. Ngemva konyaka, lapho ngineminyaka engu-engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu ubudala, wanikeza wokubusa umfundi wakhe futhi umlandeli E. Benes. 14.09.1937 zonyaka ophele ngomhla ka yomlando wakhe: Tomas Masaryk wafa, futhi kamuva ngonyaka lashabalala isimo azidalile.

inkumbulo ezombusazwe

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngesikhathi ukuphila Tomas Masaryk kwaba isidlaliso - wabizwa ngokuthi "Baba." Abasenkumbulweni yakhe, zemali engunyaza, okuthiwa ezitaladini abaningi Hodonin kukhona Museum anikezelwe lo muntu omkhulu, futhi kwa-Israyeli, idolobha kanye endaweni e Tel Aviv yaqanjwa kuye.

Ngo yesimanje ezimele Czech Republic ngisho has Order, okuyinto yasungulwa kukhunjulwa izibalo ezinkulu zomphakathi nezombusazwe isimo.