School Scientific Management. abameleli School of ukuphathwa yesayensi

ukubukwa Modern ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuphathwa, okuyinto wabeka isisekelo ngokwesayensi ukuphathwa kwesikole, zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Isihloko liyakhuluma ngokuphela ehola izikole ukuphathwa zaphesheya, kanti abasunguli ukuphathwa.

Umsuka isayensi

Ukuphathwa inomlando omude, kodwa abaphathi theory basungula kuphela ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Ukuvela ukuphathwa isayensi ubhekwa credit ukuze Frederick Taylor (1856-1915 GG.). umsunguli wesikole ukuphathwa yesayensi, Taylor, kanye nabanye abacwaningi okuqaliswe ekutadisheni izindlela kanye nezindlela zokuphatha.

imibono Revolutionary mayelana nendlela yokuphatha, buyakutjhukumisa iphutha ngaphambili, kodwa hhayi funa. Ngokwesibonelo, yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaba iphrojekthi Roberta Ouena (ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka). fektri eScotland kuletha inzuzo ngaphezulu ngokwakha nelondekile ukuthi bakhuthaze abantu ukuba asebenze ngempumelelo. Abasebenzi kanye nemindeni yabo zinikezwa izindlu, umsebenzi izimo best, sakhuthaza imiklomelo. Kodwa osomabhizinisi ka bangaleso sikhathi babesebenza kuyo ayilungele ukulandela Owen.

Ngo-1885, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa esikoleni enokwehla, kabani abamele parallel esikoleni Taylor (Drucker, Ford, Simons) babe nombono wokuthi ukuphathwa kuyikhono. A ubuholi yimpumelelo kungenziwa kuphela esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo futhi umuzwa, kodwa akuyona isayensi.

Kwaba e-US ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kwakukhona izimo ezikahle lapho ekuqaleni ukuvela izikole yesayensi ukuphathwa. Ezweni yeningi ke ubumbe nemakethe ekulu zabasebenzi. Ukufinyelela emfundweni isize abantu abaningi smart ukukhombisa izinga yabo. Kutfutfukiswa ezokuthutha, emnothweni nomthelela ekuqiniseni uhlelo monopolies ne multi-level isakhiwo nokubusa. Kuyadingeka izindlela ezintsha lobuholi. Ngo-1911 incwadi yanyatheliswa Frederika Teylora "izimiso ukuphathwa kwezesayensi," wabeka isisekelo sokuba ucwaningo emkhakheni isayensi entsha yokuqonda - ukuphathwa.

School of Management Science Taylor (1885-1920 biennium).

Ubaba ka ukuphathwa yesimanje Frederick Taylor ehlongozwayo kanye eyabekwa imithetho yenhlangano okunengqondo umsebenzi. Ngosizo, eveza umqondo locwaningo umsebenzi kufanele wafunda by izindlela zesayensi.

• ezintsha Taylor sika izindlela ugqozi, ukusebenza kahle amaholo, ukuphumula kanye amakhefu ekukhiqizeni, isikhathi, umgomo Ukukhetha professional kanye abaqeqeshwayo, ukwethulwa amakhadi imithetho umsebenzi.
• Kanye abalandeli Taylor wafakazela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngekucaphelisisa, izilinganiso kanye cwaningo kuzosiza lula umsebenzi wezandla ukwenza kube neliphelele kunalelo. Ukwethulwa amakhodi elisebenzisekayo namazinga avunyelwe ukukhulisa amaholo abasebenzi othe xaxa.
• Abasekeli esikoleni Akasishalazelanga isici womuntu. izindlela Isingeniso ukukhuthaza kungenzeka ukwandisa ugqozi abasebenzi ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo.
• Taylor ahlahlelwe zezabasebenzi, ahlukaniswe yemfanelo zokuphatha (inhlangano nokuhlela) umsebenzi uqobo. abameleli School of ukuphathwa yesayensi babekholelwa ukuthi imisebenzi zokuphatha unabantu nale okukhethekile. Kwakumelwe linombono wokuthi lokuhlushwa ngamaqembu ahlukene abasebenzi lokuthi lokho abakwaziyo ukwenza izinhlangano kuphumelele kakhulu.

Uhlelo adalwe Taylor neyaziwayo lisebenza nakakhulu utshani izimpande abaphathi diversification nokwandisa ukukhiqiza. I isikole ukuphathwa yesayensi Taylor idale, kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi esikhundleni ephelelwe yisikhathi emsebenzini. Ukuze esikoleni abasekeli kwakungekaNkulunkulu abacwaningi ezifana F. futhi L. Gilbert, G. Gantt, Weber, G. Emerson, uH Ford, G. Grant, OA Yermansky.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ukuphathwa kwesikole

UFrank Lillian Gilbreth watadisha izici ezithinta umkhiqizo. Ukukhiya ezinyakazayo lapho enza imisebenzi ayesebenzisa ikhamela ye-movie ne okusungulile insimbi uqobo (mikrohronometr). Ucwaningo ovumeleke ukushintsha inkambo umsebenzi, ususe ukunyakaza ezingadingekile.

Gilbreath isicelo amazinga kanye nemishini ukwenziwa, okuyinto babo obuqhubekayo baholela ukuvela amazinga ukusebenza aseqale ukusebenzisa isayensi ukuphathwa kwesikole. F. Gilbreth watadisha izici ezinomthelela umkhiqizo. Wazihlephula ngamaqembu amathathu:

1. Eziguquguqukayo ezihlobene nezempilo, yokuphila, Imizimba ezingeni amasiko nezemfundo.
2. Eziguquguqukayo ezihlobene ukusebenza izimo, imvelo, izinto, imishini namathuluzi.
3. Eziguquguqukayo ephathelene ne-speed: isivinini, ukusebenza kahle, automaticity, nabanye.

Ngenxa yalokho, Gilbert nophenyo baphetha ngokuthi ukunyakaza tintfo letibaluleke kakhulu.

iziqondiso Basic ukuphathwa yesayensi esikoleni yaqedwa Maksom Veberom. Usosayensi washayelwa zimiso eziyisithupha for ukusebenza okunengqondo ibhizinisi, okuyinto itholakala okunengqondo, sokuyalela, nezinto, le nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, lunye ebhodini zokuphatha, ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi kanye subordinated ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo.

School of Management Science F. Taylor icala lakhe lahlehliselwa baqhubeka umnikelo Genri Forda, ngokugcwele izimiso of Taylor, elifanele zonke izinqubo ekukhiqizeni sokuhlukanisa ukusebenza zibe izigaba. Ford ngomshini futhi ivumelana ukukhiqizwa, ukuhlela ke isimiso elihambayo, lapho izindleko zokukhiqiza kwehle ngo izikhathi 9.

Isikole sokuqala yesayensi ukuphathwa babé isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa ukuphathwa isayensi. Taylor School kuyinto esihlukile izimfanelo hhayi kuphela eziningi, kodwa futhi ubuthakathaka: ekutadisheni ukulawula engela indlela mechanical, ugqozi ngokusebenzisa nokwaneliseka ngezidingo utilitarian wezisebenzi.

Administrative (classical) Ucwaningo School of Management (1920-1950).

School Administrative okuqaliswe ukuthuthukiswa izimiso nesiqondiso imisebenzi, ukucinga indlela ehlelekile ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle ekuphathweni yonke ibhizinisi. A neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni yayo esenziwa A. Fayolle, D. Mooney, L. Urwick A. Ginsburg, A. Sloane A. Gastev. Ukuzalwa School Administrative lihlotshaniswa igama Anri Fayolya, wasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 ukuze kuzuze inkampani French emkhakheni ukucutshungulwa zamalahle nsimbi. Dindall Urwick wakhonza njengephayona consultant ukuphathwa eNgilandi. Dzheyms Muni wasebenza ngaphansi Alfred Sloan ku "Motors Jikelele".

Scientific nezokuphatha ukuphathwa kwesikole athuthukile bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, kepha umphelelisi nomunye. Abasekeli nokuphathwa esikoleni lalibhekwa njengento Injongo yayo eyinhloko ukufeza nekusebenta nenhlangano iyonke, esebenzisa izimiso jikelele. Abacwaningi sakwazi ukubheka inkampani ngokombono ukuthuthukiswa eside, uhlonze kanye evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke amafemu izici futhi amaphethini.

Encwadini, Fayol "Jikelele kanye Sokuqondisa Imboni" Ukuphathwa yaqale kuchazwa ngokuthi inqubo ebandakanya imisebenzi eminingana (ukuhlela, inhlangano, ugqozi, nemithethonqubo kanye nokuphathwa).

Fayolle wenza 14 Izimiso jikelele ukuthi avumele inkampani impumelelo:

• nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi;
• inhlanganisela igunya kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo;
• ukuziphatha;
• ubunye umyalo;
• isiqondiso ezivamile;
• kwakuwukuthi izithakazelo kuzozizuzisa ngekubambisana;
• abasebenzi amaholo;
• yinye;
• uchungechunge ukuxhumana;
• oda;
• nobulungisa;
• ukuzinza imisebenzi;
• imizamo ukukhuthazwa;
• umoya yenkampani.

womuntu nobuhlobo esikoleni (1930-1950 biennium).

izikole Classical ka ukuphathwa akusho acabangele esinye sezici eziyinhloko inhlangano yimpumelelo - isici womuntu. Ngamaphutha izindlela odlule avunyelwe esikoleni neoclassical. Iqhaza layo kufanele abalulekile nokuphathwa ukuthuthukiswa kwaba ukusetshenziswa ulwazi mayelana ubudlelwane obufanele. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela ngoba ebuhlotsheni babantu wesayensi yokuziphatha - lena esikoleni kuqala yesayensi ukuphathwa, ababesebenzisa ukufeza kwengqondo kwabantu. Ukuthuthukiswa esikoleni ebuhlotsheni babantu kuqalile izazi ezimbili: Mary Parker Follett futhi Elton Mayo.

Miss Follett lokuqala wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi ukuphathwa wukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi ngosizo abanye abantu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umphathi akufanele ngokomthetho kuphela ziphathwe abangaphansi, futhi kumelwe abe ngumholi wawo.

Mayo wazibonakalisa ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo ukuthi imithetho ecacile, imiyalelo kanye namaholo ehloniphekile musa njalo kungaholela umkhiqizo ephakeme, lapho kubhekwa umsunguli ukuphathwa yesayensi Taylor School. Relations in the team ngokuvamile adlula imizamo yokwenza izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, umbono ozakwabo kungenzeka okubaluleke kakhulu isisusa umsebenzi kuka ecacisa umphathi noma umvuzo wemali. Mayo wazalwa sibonga ifilosofi yezenhlalakahle zokuphatha.

ucwaningo lakhe Mayo owenziwa iminyaka engu-13 efemini Horton. Akabanga ukuthi zengqondo ushintsho zabantu ukusebenza kungenzeka kubangelwa ithonya iqembu. Mayo belulekwa ukusebenzisa ukuphathwa yamaholo ezingokomoya, njengokuya isisebenzi ukuxhumana nozakwethu. Wanxusa abaholi ukuba banake ubudlelwano kuleli qembu.

"Hortonskie ucwaningo" babe ekuqaleni:

• Ukutadisha ubudlelwane esiwenza amabhizinisi amaningi;
• ezimali iqembu izenzakalo ngokwengqondo;
• ukuthola isisusa;
• Ucwaningo of ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu;
• ukuhlonza ngendima yelungu abasebenzi ngamunye futhi iqembu elincane iqembu ukusebenza.

School of yokuziphatha Sciences (1930-1950 biennium).

Ukuphela 50s - isikhathi kabusha lesikole of ubudlelwano babantu esikoleni wesayensi yokuziphatha. Kuqala lasuka akukho izindlela lokwakha ubudlelwane obufanele, kanye nekusebenta oqashiwe futhi ibhizinisi lonke. Yokuziphatha izindlela zesayensi kanye nokuphathwa esikoleni ziye zaholela ukuvela ukuphathwa imisebenzi emisha - kwabasebenzi.

Ngu izibalo abalulekile kule ndawo yilezi: Douglas McGregor, Frederika Gertsberga, Chris Argyris, Likert Rensisa. Into ososayensi ucwaningo babé nokuxhumana nabanye, ugqozi, amandla, ubuholi, negunya, izakhiwo yenhlangano, ukuxhumana, izinga lokuphila ukusebenza kanye nomsebenzi. Indlela entsha yokwenza izinto lasuka amathekhiniki ubuhlobo wokwakha amaqembu kanye ayegxile ekusizeni umsebenzi ukuqaphela nabo namakhono ayo. Umqondo wesayensi yokuziphatha ziye zasetshenziswa ukudalwa izinhlangano kanye nokuphathwa. Abasekeli sibeke inhloso ezikoleni: nekusebenta eziphakeme ibhizinisi ngenxa kahle eliphezulu abasebenzi balo.

Douglas McGregor athuthukile unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi ezimbili of ukuphathwa "X" futhi "Y" kuye ngokuthi uhlobo ubuhlobo abangaphansi kwakhe: autocratic yeningi. Umphumela cwaningo esiphethweni sokuthi isitayela yeningi nokuphathwa ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana. McGregor babekholelwa ukuthi abaphathi kufanele Ukwakha isimo lapho umsebenzi akazange nje ukuchitha umzamo ukuze kufezeke izinhloso ibhizinisi, kodwa futhi ukuba afinyelele imigomo siqu.

neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni isikole has a sokusebenza kwengqondo Abrahama Maslow, owadala iphiramidi baba nezidingo ezithile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umphathi iyoyibona izidingo okhonzile bese ukhetha izindlela ezifanele nogqozi. Maslow ezikhonjwe eyinhloko izidingo unomphela (bokuphila) nokwesibili (social, udumo ngokomoya), kushintsha njalo. Lo mbono waba isisekelo sezinguqulo eziningi imodeli lanamuhla ugqozi.

School indlela ambalwa (1950)

A umnikelo enkulu esikoleni kwaba ukusetshenziswa onobuhle IiMbalo ukuphathwa kanye ezihlukahlukene izindlela belinani ukwenza izinqumo zokuphatha. Phakathi abasekeli esikoleni ukwaba R. Ackoff, Bertalanffy, R. Kálmán S. Forrestra E. Rife, S. Simon. Direction senzelwe ukwethula ku ukuphathwa izikole eyinhloko ukuphathwa, izindlela kanye apharathasi of sciences ngqo.

Ukuvela esikoleni kwakubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa cybernetics kanye nemisebenzi yocwaningo. Ngaphakathi sikole kwakubikwa isiyalo ezimele - imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinqumo zokuphatha. Izifundo kulendawo abahlangene ukuthuthukiswa:

• izindlela ukumodeliswa nezibalo ekwakhiweni izixazululo zenhlangano;
• algorithm yokukhetha izixazululo elilungile usebenzisa izibalo, umhlinzeki womhlalo nezinye izindlela zesayensi;
• onobuhle nezibalo for izenzakalo imvelo osetshenziswayo watibona komnotho;
• umfuziselo walo, simulating inkampani noma umuntu eqinile ibhalansi onobuhle izindleko noma ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo, models ekubikezeleni ukuthuthukiswa lwesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe kwezomnotho.

esikoleni enokwehla

izikole lesimanje lesayensi ayikwazi wacabanga ngaphandle ipumelelo esikoleni enokwehla zokuphatha. abameleli balo babekholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko kule mkhakha wocwaningo ukuphathwa kufanele kube iqoqo izinto ezingokoqobo nokudalwa izincomo abaphathi. abameleli Ezivelele kulesi sikole baye baba uPeter Drucker, Rey Devis, Lourens Nyumen, Don Miller.

Lesi sikole sasiza ukulawula ukwabiwa ubuthishela ehlukile futhi has ezimbili. Eyokuqala - izinkinga zokuphatha ucwaningo manje ekuthuthukiseni futhi zisebenzise ukuphathwa imiqondo yesimanje. Esesibili - Ukutadisha imisebenzi umsebenzi kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo abaphathi. "Empiricists" umangalele ukuthi umholi kwenza izinsiza ezithile yomkhakha owodwa. Lapho senza izinqumo, igxila ikusasa ibhizinisi namathemba ahambisana nako.

Noma yibaphi abaphathi yakhelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile:

• ukubeka Izinjongo ibhizinisi kanye kukhethwa izindlela ukuthuthukiswa;
• ngezigaba, ukusatshalaliswa umsebenzi, ukudalwa yenhlangano isakhiwo, ukunxenxa kanye nokubekwa kwabasebenzi nabanye;
• ukukhuthazwa kanye nokudidiyela kwabasebenzi, ngokugadwa ngesisekelo ubudlelwane phakathi abaphathi kanye nabasebenzi;
• ukulinganisa ukuhlaziya inkampani futhi bonke labo abaqashwe kulo;
• ugqozi kuye imiphumela yokusebenza.

Ngakho, imisebenzi umphathi wanamuhla uba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umphathi kufanele babe nolwazi ezivela emikhakheni ehlukene futhi sisebenzise izindlela ihlolwe in practice. School inombolo evumelekile izinkinga nokuphathwa abalulekile evame nazo e emikhulu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

School of Social Systems

esikoleni Social isebenzisa ukufeza isikole "ebuhlotsheni babantu" futhi ibheka umsebenzi njengomuntu kokuba orientation kwezenhlalo kanye nezidingo bukaJehova kubonakala imvelo yenhlangano. ibhizinisi imvelo sithinta abhekele imfundo isisebenzi.

Ngabameli bhá lesikole zihlanganisa Jane Mashi, uHerbert Simon, Amitai Etzioni. Lokhu kuthambekela ekuhloleni ngesimo nangesinqumo indima yomuntu kwi inhlangano usephendukele okwengeziwe kunamanye izikole zokuphatha. Kafushane ukuveza postulate ka "zomphakathi" kanje: nezidingo zomuntu ngomuntu kanye nezidingo collective ngokuvamile ziqhelelene kakhulu.

Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi indoda uyakwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zabo ngokusebenzisa ezingeni emva izinga, ezihambayo ephakeme e sabaphathi baba nezidingo ezithile. Kodwa okushiwo inhlangano kuwukuthi ngokuvamile okuphikisana ushintsho ezingeni elilandelayo. Okuphambili izithiyo ukuze isisebenzi ukunyakaza maqondana imigomo yakho manje kubangele izingxabano. esikoleni umsebenzi - ukunciphisa amandla abo ngosizo izikhungo zocwaningo njengoba izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlalo-lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuphathwa Kwengcbo Yabantu

Umlando wokuvela "kokuphathwa kwemithombo yabantu" ubuyela emuva kuma-60s ekhulwini lama-20. Isibonelo sososayensi yezenhlalo uR. Milles sibheka abasebenzi njengendlela yokugcina impahla. Ngokusho kwe-theory, ukuphathwa okubushelelezi akufanele kube umgomo oyinhloko, njengezikole zesayensi zesifundazwe zokuphatha. Ngamafuphi, incazelo "yokuphathwa komuntu" ingabonakaliswa ngale ndlela: ukwaneliseka kwezidingo kufanele kube ngumphumela wenzalo yomuntu ngamunye.

Inkampani enhle kakhulu ihlale ikwazi ukugcina abasebenzi abahle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isici somuntu siyisici esibalulekile senhlangano. Lesi yisimo esibalulekile sokusinda endaweni emakethe eyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhloso zalolu hlobo lokuphatha akuyona nje ukuqashwa, kodwa ukuvuselela, ukuthuthukiswa nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe okufeza ngokuphumelelayo imigomo yenhlangano. Okushiwo yilofilosofi ukuthi abasebenzi bayimpahla yenhlangano, inzuzo engadingi ukulawula okuningi, futhi incike ekukhuthazeni nasekukhuthazeni.