Umlando kwengqondo zentuthuko kanye nemikhakha yayo esemqoka

Umlando kwengqondo zentuthuko ( "psyche" ukuhumusha kusuka yamaGreki asendulo "umphefumulo", "logo" - .. "Isayensi"), njengoba nolwazi olukhethekile, egxilile BC 4-5 ngekhulu, ngoba ludabuka ezindaweni emathunjini nefilosofi. esikweyoku sidilizwa Aristotle wabhala indatshana yakhe "Ngo umphefumulo" lapho wakwazi ukwethula imithetho eziyisisekelo kanye nezimiso kusebenta kwato.

Umlando Psychology zentuthuko ngendlela efanayo njengenhlangano isiyalo ezimele yezesayensi, sesivele zihlotshaniswa ucwaningo Wundt ekhulwini XIX. Ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona uhlelo lokuqala adalwe ososayensi abaye igxile ukusetshenziswa jikelele yesayensi indlela cwaningo. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona ukuhlolwa, futhi elabhorethri lokuqala, egcwele indlela yabo eyinhloko self-observation (introspection).

Esikhathini esizayo, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo basungula ngokushesha, ngaphakathi kwalo inombolo enkulu ezindaweni okwakunzima izimiso eziyisisekelo ezahlukene theory, imibono ngendaba isayensi nocwaningo izindlela.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kancane kancane ngaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi introspection akuyona akwazi ukwambula izici eyinhloko psyche, ngoba kwesiyingi imihlola Psychology wafunda has inombolo enkulu imihlola.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona imfundiso yokuziphendukela Freud sasho, owaba umsunguli umqondo psychoanalytic. Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko ke enzelwe ukufunda hhayi umqondo womuntu, njengoba bebheke lokuqala, futhi ubuntu bakhe. Yingakho indlela isekelwe ezimisweni ezifana: Determinism nokuthuthukiswa. Ngokukhethekile zikhokhelwe equlekile deku umsebenzi yangaphakathi.

Ngokuzimisela Icebo lika kwaba imfundiso kaZiqu-Watson, okuyinto yaziwa ngokuthi "behaviorism." Psychology ngaphakathi wenza njengenhlangano legatsha Inhloso yokuhlola yemvelo isayensi. Isihloko efanayo - indlela yokuziphatha iqondakale njengokungathi iqoqo ukusabela kwemisipha ne yezindlala ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle, okuyinto kungabonwa. Ngakho-ke, indlela eyinhloko Uphenyo ukuhlola kokuziphatha.

Umlando kwengqondo zentuthuko ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, kuba nzima kakhulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yaqala ukwakha inqwaba disparate, ukuncintisana futhi ngokuvamile ngisho paradigms engahambelani. Kwaba simo esiyingqayizivele kwetinhlavu isayensi, njengasezulwini isiphi isiyalo bekungeyona inombolo enkulu kangaka ukushayisana kuyinto paradigms bahluke kangaka.

Ungakwazi kalula kuholele uhlu ongaphelele izinkomba eyaqala ukuvelela ngalesi sikhathi: i behaviorism engqondweni yethu; psychoanalysis Adler sika; umqondo ashukumisayo Lewin; Gestalt Psychology; Spranger Psychology achazayo; ithiyori Piaget sika; ukubukwa Vygotsky sika; imisebenzi eziningana eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma; reactology spondylitis, nokunye.

Ngakho-ke, isayensi isikhathi singakhuluma nenhlekelele ezivulekileyo ezingenaso awukapheli kuze kube manje. Iqiniso liwukuthi kwengqondo yesimanje libhekene ukuhlukahluka ukubukwa ehola paradigms. Kodwa, sibonga imiqondo eminingi kangaka ukuncintisana, kungenzeka babe nolwazi oluphelele lwamafayela isihloko kanye nezindlela isayensi.

Ngakho-ke, kungase kwazeke ukuthi umlando Psychology nale kusukela ekuqaleni sokuthuthuka. Umphumela waba design inombolo enkulu lamagatsha alo.

Umlando kwengqondo nomphakathi - kungcono ibanga elide ukuya. Kodwa kusukela kwasungulwa lesi sijeziso inqwaba imithombo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba anqume ukuthi yikuphi umphakathi okwaziyo ukuma ngaphandle kwemingcele izakhi eziyinhloko. Kuyinto umbuzo lwati lwemasiko-kwengqondo.

Iningi izindawo ezinkulu isayensi aye amiswa ngendlela efanayo. Unjalo-ke umlando ka zomthetho Psychology, ubudala, ezemfundo, kanye nabanye abaningi.