Sakhiwo Inthanethi: izimiso eziyisisekelo

Namuhla, i-Internet ngeke kukumangaze ubani. Ukufinyelela kule nethiwekhi nsukuzonke inikeza lenqwaba abasebenzisi. Ngokusho idatha 2015, inani abasebenzisi exhunyiwe lidlule bhiliyoni 3.3. Nokho, akubona bonke uyazi kude okungukuthi isakhiwo se- imithombo ulwazi -Inthanethi matemu. Iningi ke, ngokuvamile, akudingekile. Nokho, izisekelo sibekwa izimiso okusebenzela World Wide Web okungenani ubazi sisadingeka ezingeni eyinhloko.

Uyini Inthanethi nge twist zanamuhla

Ngokuvamile, lapho kuziwa namuhla Inthanethi, kaningi kunalokho wasebenzisa nomqondo World Wide Web, noma I-Web, okuyinto esihlanganisa amakhompyutha emhlabeni wonke.

Ngokuvamile, kuyiqiniso, kodwa lapha kubalulekile ukwenza ukucaciseleka. Njengoba sazi, akukho computer eyodwa ngqo exhunywe kwi-Inthanethi kuphela ngokusebenzisa wesevisi okwaya kuso ngisho uNkulunkulu uyazi ukuthi zingaki ezinye ezikhumulweni exhunywe noma idivayisi yeselula. It kuvela ukuthi konke zimunye inethiwekhi eyodwa. Futhi olubizwa ngokuthi i- "inethiwekhi amanethiwekhi" kulo mqondo, kwi-Inthanethi.

Ngempela, i-Inthanethi kusekelwe isakhiwo nyunyana, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, subnets, futhi zobuchwepheshe kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufinyelela umthombo Ikakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle router, elikwaziyo ukukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu ukuthola ukufinyelela okusheshayo umthombo inikezwe.

Futhi kuyini ezithakazelisayo. I-intanethi ayikanye umnikazi, futhi inethiwekhi ngokwawo ngaphezulu isikhala virtual nsuku kuthinta umuntu kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho esikhundleni ngokoqobo. Okuhle noma okubi, akungenxa okwethu ukwahlulela. Kodwa ugxile ezicini eziyisisekelo ukwakhiwa nokusebenza World Wide Web.

Isakhiwo World Wide Web: Indaba ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa

Ngakho, njengoba sazi ukuthi namuhla, i-Inthanethi kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi kunjalo. Uma simbe umlando, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi imizamo yokuqala ukwakha esihlanganisiwe nemininingwane yenethiwekhi, obekungadala akagcini ngokuba namandla ukudlulisa idatha, kodwa ikhonze njengomPristi uhlobo "Umhumushi" we iqoqo izilimi izinhlelo ngoba bezibona ulwazi, Benziwe Kudala 1962, ngesikhathi ukuphakama "impi yomshoshaphansi" phakathi e-US nase-USSR. Khona-ke kwaba khona uhlelo ngesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela iphakethe usuke ngoba ukudluliswa kwedatha Leonard Kleinrock, eyayiholwa Dzhozef Liklayder. The main focus uJesu akabanga nje ukudluliswa kolwazi, kodwa futhi "ukungabhubhiseki" zalo.

Ngesisekelo yalezi zigigaba ngo-1969 futhi kube khona inethiwekhi lokuqala olubizwa ARPANet, waba ngukhokho-intanethi noma World Wide Web. Ngo-1971, lolu hlelo lokuqala ukuthumela nokwamukela e-mail, ukuze ngo-1973, lapho-ke waqhubeka ikhebula Euro-Atlantic yasungulwa, inethiwekhi isibe ngamazwe, ngo-1983 iyiswe TCP / IP olandelwayo enobunye, ngo-1984, uvele IRC ubuchwepheshe elikuvumela ukuba baxoxe . Futhi kuphela 1989 at CERN uye wavuthwa umqondo wokuthi web global, manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Internet. Yiqiniso, kwakusala kude model isetshenziswa Nokho, manje, ezinye zezimiso eziyisisekelo, ehlanganisa isakhiwo se-Inthanethi, futhi namanje ayizange ithuthuke.

Ingqalasizinda ka-World Wide Web

Manje ake sibone, kanjani bakwazile ukuhlanganisa ngabanye ikhompyutha ezikhumulweni namanethiwekhi esekelwe ndawonye. Isimiso Ukhiye ukusetshenziswa iphakethe idatha usebenzisa umzila esekelwe uphrothokholi jikelele eqondwa yinoma yimuphi umshini. Okungukuthi, ulwazi akukhona ngesimo ngabanye izingcezu, amabhayithi noma izimpawu, futhi adluliselwa yokuhlala ebhkisini ihlelwe (iphakethe) elakhiwa inhlanganisela ezahlukene kunalokho ukulandelana eside.

Nokho, ukusakaza kungenzeki ngobudlabha. Kulesi isakhiwo phezulu futhi ukusebenzisa i-Internet ube amazinga eziningana eziyisisekelo:

• (Amaseva uhlelo high speed axhumene) Line.
• amanethiwekhi ezinkulu kanye zokungena exhunywe kwi-umugqa oyinhloko.
• amanethiwekhi Regional lilinganise ngezansi.
• Ama-ISP ukuthi ukunikeza ukufinyelela amasevisi (i-ISP).
• abasebenzisi Ukuphela.

Isakhiwo ukwaziswa okukuyi-Internet kangangokuthi terminals lapho lilondolozwe, ngokuthi amaseva, futhi inkambiso (funda noma akususe futhi ithumela emuva izimpendulo bese ugelezela) imishini - workstations. Ukudluliswa ulwazi olufanayo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kusekelwe imizila. Kodwa isikimu ezinjalo kwethulwa kuphela kalula ukuqonda inkinga. Empeleni, konke eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

yezifiso ezinkulu

Manje siza omunye imiqondo esemqoka, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi isakhiwo se-Inthanethi. Lokhu yezifiso jikelele. Namuhla, kunamabandla ziningi, kodwa lowo oyinhloko ye-inthanethi ye-TCP / IP.

Ngakho kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi imigomo emibili. IP protocol (Inthanethi) kuyindlela yokuthola umzila, okungukuthi onesibophezelo sanoma ukulethwa amaphakethe idatha, kodwa neze elibhekele ubuqotho nokuvikeleka kolwazi ngocansi. TCP olandelwayo, kunalokho, kuyindlela yokuthola ukuhlinzeka kweseshini uxhumano phakathi Umthumeli nomemukeli esekelwe uxhumano okunengqondo phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili okuthiwa ukulethwa yibhange amaphakethe, futhi ngokuphelele njengoba yayinjalo.

Namuhla, TCP / IP-Inthanethi ejwayelekile de empeleni waba, nakuba zikhona nezinye yezifiso eziningi, ezifana UDP (ezokuthutha), ICMP futhi RIP (imizila), i-DNS kanye Arp (ukuhlonza ngoba ikheli inethiwekhi), FTP, HTTP, NNTP futhi Telnet (isicelo ), IGP, GGP futhi EGP (lomasango), SMTP, i-POP3, futhi NFS (leposi kanye yezifiso ukufinyelela amafayela ku ezikhumulweni akude), njll

I Domain Name System

Of inothi ekhethekile kuyinto ndlela jikelele kuzinto. Kuyacaca ukuthi ikheli bhala kwekhasi njenge 127.11.92.785, ukuthola leso sizinda oyifunayo, akunjalo elula, futhi (ingasaphathwa nikhumbule yonke inhlanganisela). Ngakho-ke, ngaleso sikhathi eliyingqayizivele igama lesizinda uhlelo yasungulwa ukuthi uvunyelwe ukufaka ikheli efomini, njengoba siwubona namuhla (ngesiNgisi).

Kodwa lapha, yiba wokwehlayo yabo. It, futhi, kukhona amazinga eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-international top-level ezizindeni kukhona nezisetshenziswa ezimele kokukhomba yezwe (GOV - uhulumeni, COM - commercial,-EDU - Sikhungo, i-NET - inethiwekhi, MIL - lempi, ORG - jikelele yenhlangano, akuhlobene zezinhlobo ngenhla) .

Lokhu kulandelwa amagama domain kwezinsiza, okuyinto ebonisa ngokucacile isihlonzi zwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-US - US, RU - Russia, UA - Ukraine, DE - eJalimane, e-UK - .. Great Britain, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zizinda baneHholo sub-amazinga efana COM.UA, ORG.DE njll Esikhathini .. ukuvula, futhi lapha umuntu angathola ngokucace kakhudlwana exhumene amazinga isikhundla ngezansi (KIEV.UA, KIEV.COM.UA futhi t. d.). Ngamanye amazwi, lapho ebuka ikheli, ungakwazi ngokushesha ukunquma hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi indawo okuqondene yomthombo ngaphakathi kuwo.

amasevisi e-inthanethi Eziyisisekelo

Njengoba amasevisi, okuyinto namuhla kungatholakala kuyi-Internet, kule mikhakha bahlukene ku-e-mail, izindaba kanye lwamakheli fayoobmennye amanethiwekhi, inkokhelo izinhlaba, umsakazo inthanethi ne-TV, izinkundla sewebhu, blogs, izingosi zokuxhumana, izitolo Inthanethi indali, amaphrojekthi zemfundo "uVicky", video kanye ukusingathwa umsindo nokunye. d. Njengoba muva Izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu sezithandwa esitobhini adume kakhulu ku isakhiwo sabo.

Isakhiwo amanethiwekhi Inthanethi nomphakathi

Isici esivamile kulo mphakathi inthanethi kuyinto kutimela isimo indawo noma ubuzwe. Umsebenzisi ngamunye kudala iphrofayli yabo (image, sokufaka kuwebhu, lokho ofuna yigama), nokuxhumana Kwenziwa ukudluliswa imiyalezo esheshayo, kodwa hhayi nge chat, futhi kwimodi yangasese. Nge wengxoxo kungenziwa kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa amazwana uhlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma imuphi umhlali obhalisiwe kulo mphakathi ungashiya okuthunyelwe okuthiwa, ukwabelana nomphakathi ezinye izinto noma izixhumanisi nezinye izincwadi, nokunye. D.

isakhiwo inthanethi yokuthi ukubandakanywa yezifiso ezithile, njenge-TCP / IP bese IRC, konke kwenziwa ngempela aphansi. Isimo main - ukubhaliswa (ukudalwa lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi ukuze ungene ngemvume), kanye inkomba okungenani ulwazi ubuncane bezigabisa.

Akumangalisi ukuthi amasayithi siqu futhi izingxoxo, kancane kodwa ngokuqinisekile uye la mavangeli. Ngisho kanye-ethandwa "isidayeli" like ICQ noma QIP akemi yimuphi umncintiswano, ngoba zokuxhumana izici okuningi kakhulu.