Physics: imiqondo eyisisekelo, amafomula, imithetho. Imithetho eyisisekelo physics, loyo muntu udinga ukwazi

Isithakazelo emhlabeni ngaphandle nemithetho yayo ukusebenza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo futhi zilungile. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuba banake ngesayensi yemvelo, ezifana physics, echaza uqobo ukwakheka kanye kwemvelo yonke. ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo physics okulula ukuyiqonda. Kakade ngesikhathi usemncane kakhulu yobudala School yethula izingane lezi zimiso.

Kwabaningi, lokhu isayensi iqala ebhukwinitifundvo "Physics (Ibanga 7)." imiqondo Eyisisekelo kanye nemithetho Mechanics kanye wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto avulekele abafundi, yethulwe umnyombo imithetho main ngokomzimba. Kodwa kufanele ulwazi abe nomkhawulo izinsuku esikoleni? Yini imithetho yemvelo kumelwe wazi wonke umuntu? Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva esihlokweni.

Isayensi physics

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi esachazwa isayensi ajwayelekile kubo bonke kusukela ingane isencane. Futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, empeleni physics ingenye yezindawo isayensi. Likhuluma ngamaphathi imithetho yemvelo, umphumela lapho kunemtselela izimpilo zabantu bonke, futhi ngezindlela eziningi ngisho inikeza wakhe mayelana izici ndaba, isimo sawo futhi imithetho ezinyakazayo.

Igama elithi "physics" yaqale irekhodwe ngalokuhlelekile Aristotle ngekhulu lesine BC. Ekuqaleni, kuyinto yinye 'ifilosofi' umqondo. Phela, kokubili isayensi babe nomgomo okuvamile - ukuchaza kahle zonke izindlela nokusebenza kwendawo yonke. Kodwa ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha ngenxa inguquko ngokwesayensi yezinto zemvelo kwaba ezimele.

umthetho jikelele

Ezinye imithetho eyisisekelo physics zisebenza emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi. Ngaphandle kwabo kukhona ezinye okuyinto ubhekwa ezivamile lonke uhlobo. Sikhuluma amandla kwemvelo kanye nomthetho ukuguqulwa.

Libonisa ukuthi amandla ngayinye irherho le-closed ngesikhathi ukugeleza konke izenzakalo ngempela balondolozwa. Noma kunjalo, lokho kungase kube siguqulelwa olunye uhlobo futhi ushintshe okuqukethwe kwabo ambalwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ohlelweni wathi ngempumelelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kulesi simiso esingenabulungisa evulekile, amandla incipha amandla okwandisa, uma yonke imigwamanda kanye amasimu ukuthi usebenzisane nalo.

Ngaphezu isimiso jikelele ngenhla, i-physics iqukethe nemiqondo eyisisekelo, amafomula, imithetho ezidingekayo nokuchazwa izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni ezungeze. Ukutadisha kwabo kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho ngendlela emangalisayo okuthakazelisayo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko lizobuyekeza kafushane imithetho eyisisekelo physics, futhi ukuqonda kwabo kakhulu, kubalulekile beyinake egcwele.

Mechanics

Vula ososayensi abasha, imithetho eminingi eziyisisekelo amakilasi physics 7-9 esikoleni, okuyinto kufundvwe ngokugcwele lokhu legatsha isayensi, njengoba umakhenikha. Izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo kuchazwe lapha ngezansi.

1. WaseGalile kwezinto Act (njengoba ibizwa imithetho mechanical wokuhlobana kwezinto, noma ngesisekelo Mechanics classical). Ingqikithi isimiso itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ezimweni ezifanayo izinqubo mechanical bonke inkomba izinhlelo inertial ayafana yini.
2. umthetho kaHooke. Ingqikithi Its ukuthi mkhulu umthelela umzimba nokunwebeka (entwasahlobo, induku, isiduduze ugongolo) kusukela ngaphandle, mkhulu ukusonteka yayo.

imithetho Newton (amelela classical Mechanics isisekelo):

1. Umgomo we inertia lithi noma iyiphi umzimba kungaba uphumule noma umnyakazo iyunifomu emgceni locondzile kuphela uma zingekho ezinye umzimba neze nomthelela, noma okunye uma nganoma iyiphi indlela isinxephezelo umphumela nomunye. Ukuze ushintshe ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya, emzimbeni kudingeka bathathe isinyathelo namanye amandla, futhi-ke ngempendulo kuyinto elilingana nebutho ngosayizi umzimba ezahlukene ngeke nazo ziyehluka.
2. Ikhaya iphethini Dynamics uthi amabutho enkulu nomphumela ukuthi okwamanje isinyathelo umzimba unikezwa, kulapho wathola ukushesha. Futhi, ngokufanele, aba maningi isisindo, ephansi izinga.
3. umthetho wesithathu Newton lithi noma iyiphi izindikimba ezimbili njalo uxhumana nomunye ku iphathini afanayo: amabutho awo abe uhlobo olufanayo, kukhona okulingana ngobukhulu futhi qiniseka ukuthi kolunye uhlangothi eduze emgceni locondzile, okuyinto uxhuma emzimbeni.
4. Isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto lithi yonke izenzakalo zenzeka ngesikhathi izimo ezifanayo eziyizinhlupheko inertial inkomba izinhlelo, kukhona ngendlela ngokuphelele ezifanayo.

wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

izincwadi School, kokuvula abafundi imithetho eyisisekelo ( "Physics. Ibanga 7"), futhi wethula ukuba izisekelo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Izimiso zalo esixoxe ngazo kafushane ngezansi.

Imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ukuthi kukhona eyisisekelo kulo mkhakha wesayensi, kukhona jikelele endalweni bese awahlobene ne isakhiwo ngokuningiliziwe izidakamizwa ethize ezingeni le-athomu. By the way, lezi zimiso ezibalulekile, hhayi nje ngobe physics kodwa futhi i-chemistry, i-biology, Aerospace, nokunye. D.

Ngokwesibonelo, kule mikhakha ngenhla, azikho amenable ekuchazweni okunengqondo kokubusa ukuthi irherho le-closed, imvelo yangaphandle ingashintshiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isimo zilingana. Futhi izinqubo kwenzekani kuwo, khansela sazana phandle.

Omunye umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kuqinisekisa nokuthambekela kwezinhliziyo uhlelo esakhiwa inombolo omkhulu izinhlayiya nge ukunyakaza okungahleliwe, inguquko kusuka self mancane amathuba okuthi uthi kohlelo ngendlela okungenzeka nakakhulu.

Umthetho Gay Lussac (obizwa nangokuthi negesi Law) uthi i-mass ezithile gas ingcindezi yi esitebeleni sokuhlukanisa umthamo yayo yi-lokushisa ngokuphelele ngempela kuba njalo.

Omunye umthetho obalulekile embonini - umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, okuthiwa futhi isimiso ukulondolozwa kanye nenguquko amandla kuya uhlelo thermodynamic. Ngokusho lokhu, yisiphi isamba ukushisa, okuyinto kubikiwe ohlelweni, uzobe wachitha kuphela baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele bamandla alo yangaphakathi futhi umsebenzi ke maqondana nanoma yikuphi amabutho angaphandle esebenza. Kuyinto lo mkhuba futhi laba isisekelo segama kumiswa ukusebenza besifunda imishini ezishisayo.

umthetho igesi Okunye - ke ngumlayo Charles. Lithi enkulu ukucindezela mass ezithile igesi ekahle ngenkathi sigcina ivolumu njalo, ayanda izinga lokushisa yayo.

ugesi

Kuphinde kuvule ososayensi abasha ezithakazelisayo 10 ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo ekilasini physics esikoleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, sitadisha izimiso eziyisisekelo imithetho yemvelo nezenzo kagesi, kanye neminye imininingwane.

Umthetho Ampere sika, isibonelo, uthi babashayeli exhunywe parallel, lapho notshwala zamanje luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa, nakanjani bakhangwa, futhi uma kwenzeka kolunye uhlangothi zamanje, ngokulandelana, bacasulwa. Ngezinye izikhathi igama elifanayo isetshenziselwa umthetho ngokomzimba ukuthi inquma amandla ojamele ekhona kazibuthe ku incenye lencane umqhubi okwamanje uqhuba zamanje. ngokuthi Ezazimzungezile - Ampere amandla. Lokhu kwatholakala ososayensi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye (okungukuthi 1820).

Umthetho ukulondolozwa kwenkokhiso ingenye izimiso eziyisisekelo nemvelo. Uthi isamba algebraic wonke amacala kagesi ezisuka kusukela yiluphi uhlelo kagesi elingalodwa, usindiswe njalo (kuba njalo). Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kuthiwa isimiso akusho ukubeka eceleni okuvela izinhlelo ezifana e izinhlayiya entsha icala ngenxa ukuvuza ezinye izinqubo. Noma kunjalo, jikelele kagesi izinhlayiya elalisanda kumiswa kumelwe nakanjani babe zero.

umthetho Coulomb sika ingenye lomcoka electrostatics. Siveza nomgomo wokusebenzisa indlunzula budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye umile iphuzu amacala futhi uchaza ukubala ambalwa of ibanga elibahlukanisile. umthetho Coulomb sikuvumela sithethelele izimiso eziyisisekelo electrodynamics indlela yokuvivinya. Lithi egxilile iphuzu amacala ngempela uxhumana ibutho okuyinto ephakeme enkulu umkhiqizo sobukhulu zabo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu ezincane ezincane esigcawini ibanga phakathi ngalezizinto kanye le permittivity of imvelo lapho ukuxhumana echazwe kwenzeka.

umthetho Ohm sika ingenye izimiso eziyisisekelo ugesi. Lithi enkulu osikweni unomphela kagesi oyibamba zamanje ingxenye ethile yochungechunge, kulapho voltage emikhawulweni yaso.

"Isandla sokunene umthetho" libizwa isimiso esenza ukunquma isiqondiso samanje umqhubi ezihambelayo magnetic field ukuchayeka ngendlela ethile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, beka isandla sokunene ukuze indlela kazibuthe ukhathazekile ezimise entendeni evulekile kanye isithupha bebheke silingo wire traffic. Kulokhu, ezinye iminwe ezine waqonda ukunquma isiqondiso eyenga ukunyakaza zamanje.

Futhi lesi simiso kusiza ukuthola indawo esiqondile imizila kazibuthe lokungeniswa komugqa umqhubi kokuqhuba zamanje okwamanje. Kwenzeka kanje: ukubeka isithupha sakho sokunene ukuze sikhomba isiqondiso zamanje, kanye nezinye iminwe ezine ukuqonda ngokomfanekiso umqhubi. Indawo lezi izikhonkwane futhi ibonise isiqondiso esiqondile imigqa kazibuthe yokucucuza.

Umgomo we lokungeniswa kagesi Yisibonelo uchaza inqubo ekusebenzeni Transformers, ugesi, izinjini. Lo mthetho simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: ngesimiso somshini esivalekile eyenziwe ibutho electromotive of the lokungeniswa we enkulu, aba maningi izinga loshintsho ekucucuzeni kazibuthe.

yokukhanya

Yegatsha "yokukhanya" futhi ibonisa ingxenye yezifundo zezikole (imithetho eyisisekelo physics: 7-9). Ngakho-ke, lezi zimiso akunzima ukuqonda njengoba kungase kubonakale efika kuqala. Ukutadisha kwabo kuhambisana ulwazi oluthe xaxa nje, kodwa ukuqonda kangcono ngokoqobo. Imithetho eyisisekelo physics, okungase kwenziwe isibaluli emkhakheni yokukhanya, kanje:

1. Gyuynesa isimiso. Kuyinto indlela ehlonza ngempumelelo isikhundla ngamunye eqondile yesibili zamanje wave phambi. essence yayo imi kanje: zonke amaphuzu endleleni phambili wokuzuliswa ingxenyenamba ethile yesibili, eqinisweni, beba imithombo amagagasi eyindilinga (zesibili), kuyilapho nokubekwa phambili wokuzuliswa uqhekeko efanayo yesibili efanayo ebusweni okuyinto ezungeza wonke amagagasi eyindilinga (zesibili). Lomgomo isetshenziswa ukuchaza imithetho ekhona ezihlobene kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona sokukhanya ukubonakaliswa kwayo.
2. Huygens-Fresnel isimiso ibonisa indlela ephumelelayo yokulungisa izinkinga ezihlobene esiphelweni wave. Kuyasiza ukuchaza izinkinga eziyisisekelo ezihlobene umumo womsebenzi yokukhanya.
3. Umthetho reflection of amagagasi. It isebenza ngokulinganayo reflection esibukweni. essence yayo, ukuthi wonke la ugongolo ukudonsa phansi nokukodwa okuye kubonakala futhi perpendicular esakhiwe kusukela iphuzu kwesifo asezindaweni indiza olulodwa. Kubalulekile futhi ukuba ukhumbule ukuthi kulokhu engela lapho ugongolo sigameko uhlale alinganayo ngokuphelele engela kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona.
4. Isimiso of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ukukhanya. Lolu shintsho e trajectory of the kagesi wave esiphelweni (yokukhanya) ngesikhathi ukunyakaza konemimoya eyohlobo komunye, okuyinto ngokuphongoza irowu lokuqala indices yezokubona. Ijubane esiphelweni yokukhanya kuzo kuyahlukahluka.
5. Umthetho esiphelweni rectilinear yokukhanya. Enkabeni yalo, kuba umthetho ezihlobene emkhakheni yokukhanya yejeyomethri, futhi simi ngale ndlela: kunoma iyiphi naphakathi eyohlobo (kungakhathaliseki isimo sawo) ukukhanya Ukhuthaza ngokuqinile emgceni locondzile, ibanga lemfisha. Lo mthetho nje futhi uchaza kumiswa izithunzi.

Atomic futhi Nuclear Physics

Imithetho eyisisekelo-quantum physics, kanye nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-physics atomic yenuzi wafunda esikoleni esiphakeme futhi imfundo ephakeme.

Ngakho, postulates Bohr sika eziningi imicabango eziyisisekelo, elaba isisekelo se-theory. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo le-athomu ingaqhubeka esimeme kuphela uthi umile. Noma yimuphi ekushayweni noma ukumuncwa amandla ngamabhomu e-athomu ngokuqinisekile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isimiso, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto kanje: emisebeni elihlobene ne-Transporter iba monochromatic.

Lezi postulates kukhona uhlelo esikoleni ejwayelekile ukuthi ufunda imithetho eyisisekelo physics (grade 11). Ulwazi lwabo kuyadingeka ukuba iphothule esikoleni.

Imithetho eyisisekelo physics, loyo muntu udinga ukwazi

Nokho, ezinye izimiso ngokomzimba, futhi uyilungu lelinye amagatsha isayensi Nokho, ezicini eziningi futhi kufanele laziwe kubo bonke. Bhala imithetho eyisisekelo physics, loyo muntu udinga ukwazi:

• Archimedes umthetho (libhekisela izindawo Hydro futhi aerostatics). Libonisa ukuthi iyiphi umzimba ukuthi zifakwa ku gaseous noma uketshezi izenzo uhlobo buoyancy, esisebenza isibili iqondiswa thwi phezulu. La mandla enza umzimba uhlale anda elilingana isisindo dengwane uketshezi lomzimba noma igesi.
• Enye ekwakhiweni lo mthetho: umzimba egxilile igesi noma uketshezi, qiniseka ukuba ulahlekelwe isisindo kakhulu ngendlela isisindo Ukwakheka liquid noma igesi, lapho ngomkhumbi. Lo mthetho futhi waba wumgomo eziyisisekelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela emizimbeni diving.
• Wesisindo (Newton wavula). essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi ngokuphelele wonke umzimba nakanjani bakhangane ngebutho ukuthi mkhulu isikhathi eside umkhiqizo ubungako izidumbu futhi efanele, kodwa uma lilincane, ezincane esigcawini ibanga elibahlukanisile.

Lona 3 ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo physics, okuyinto wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi ubani othandayo ukuqonda inqubo ukusebenza emhlabeni futhi izici of izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo. Qonda isimiso isinyathelo ilula ngokwanele.

Inani lwazi

Imithetho eyisisekelo physics kufanele isemithwalweni nomuntu onokwazi, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bakhe nomsebenzi. Zibonisa ukhona yonke inqubo ngokoqobo lanamuhla, futhi eqinisweni, njalo nje emhlabeni njalo ushintsha.

ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo physics imiqondo ukunikela amathuba amasha ukuhlola izwe elizungezile. Ulwazi lwabo kusiza ukuqonda inqubo yonke ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini. Kusenza nje uhlola izenzakalo zansuku zonke kanye izinqubo kanye ivumela ukuba uqaphele kubo. Lapho umuntu aqonde kahle ngemithetho eyisisekelo yakulelo physics, okungukuthi, konke okwenzekayo emhlabeni-ke icubungula, ikwazi ukuphatha ngendlela eyiyo, okwenza kuvulwa futhi ngokwenza kanjalo walenza ezimpilweni zabo ngokunethezeka.

Imiphumela

Ezinye bephoqeleka ukuba bafundele ukujula imithetho eyisisekelo physics ukuhlolwa, abanye - Ngokuba umsebenzi, futhi abanye - kusukela ilukuluku ngokwesayensi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini imigomo yalesi isayensi, ukusetshenziswa lwati lolutfolakele ayikwazi overestimated. Akukho lutho engikucabangayo okwanelisa ukwedlula kuvisisa izindlela eziyisisekelo futhi imithetho khona kwezwe.

Musa bahlala banganandaba - ukuthuthukisa!