Ososayensi futhi ngezenzo zabo. Ukusungulwa - a ...

Kuyini yasungulwa? Lokhu lokusungula, isayensi noma umcimbi? Empeleni, kuxhomeke. On okushiwo umqondo, kanye kuphi futhi kanjani ukwenza lo mshini, funda ku esihlokweni.

Ukusungulwa - a ...

Ngokuvamile kokusungulwa Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso eziyinkimbinkimbi indlela ukuthi, njengoba umthetho, inezinto eziningi izingxenye, izintambo, chips futhi inkinobho. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje ngokuvamile idivayisi entsha lihlotshaniswa electronics kanye ne-nanotechnology.

Yiqiniso, kungase kube yiqiniso. Nokho, lo mshini yayikhona ngaphambi esidijithali. Ngokusho kwenye definition, kokusunguliwe ekhaliphile noma lobuchwepheshe isakhiwo, indlela, okuyinto has eseyintsha. Lokhu kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa izinto ezikhona ngenjongo entsha.

Ukusungulwa - ithuluzi zezimali ukuthi kuhloswe ukuxazulula noma iyiphi inkinga. Ngokuvamile, kungenzeka indalo yayo kuthiwa wenziwa zomuntu, futhi zonke amalungelo yimithetho yezwe lapho lo mshini yadalwa.

Ukuzalwa ezisunguliwe

Empeleni, lo mshini khona kuphela uma nje ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu. Eyenziwe ngetshe, bokhuni abantu metal lasendulo wadala eziningi amathuluzi awusizo okuzingela, ezolimo kanye nokulima.

Babesebenzisa ngembazo, ithuluzi lwamatshe, umnsalo nomcibisholo, ngegeja. eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 20 edlule, siye kakade beveza inaliti izingubo lasekuqaleni. Ogwini Mediterranean angaba yizinkulungwane 10. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule sidale isikebhe nokudoba net. A inhlendla uvele France azungeze 13 000 edlule.

Okubalulekile futhi zaphetha okusungulile - kulotshiwe. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo kuthiwa kubangelwa wesine yeminyaka BC, nakuba ngaphambi nale nkathi kwakuba ezinye izinhlobo zolwazi yokudlulisela. Ngenxa yale njongo, amathambo, amatshe, tindvuku, ebeka kubo ngendlela ethile endaweni ethile. Ngo-Inca, isibonelo, kwakukhona incwadi nodular.

yamandulo

With ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu kwaphakama isimo sokuqala: eMesopotamiya, umbuso waseGibhithe, eChina, eNdiya, iGrisi neRoma. Bangabanikazi eziningi ethakazelisayo. EBhabhiloni idaliwe insipho wokuqala owasungulwa ngo eScandinavia skates, laseMesophothamiya - inqola.

Ngo lasendulo laseGibhithe kwakuyilaba Papyrus, izimonyo, uyinki Isekelwe uwoyela ngengcina yezinyosi. AbaseGibhithe owasungula le solar ikhalenda kanye iwashi, amakhandlela, a yombumbi isondo futhi umnyango yokuvala.

Ayikho ngaphansi sokusungula wazibonakalisa amaRoma. Emuva ngo-168 BC, baqamba abezindaba lokuqala. Ingqikithi yalo okusunguliwe ebhodini sokhuni, lapho babekwa zakamuva, imicimbi kanye oda zombusi. ERoma lasendulo uqala ukuvela futhi esikhanyayo Imigudu komgwaqo.

okutholakele Abaningi futhi kokusungulwa eGrisi lasendulo kwakheka isisekelo ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Kwakuwusuku amaGreki yasungulwa indle namanzi egijima. Nakuba kunobufakazi bokuthi okokuqala, lezi zakhiwo uvele impucuko nawase-Indus Valley. AmaGreki wanika beacon umqondo, babasa izimbaqa emagqumeni ugu kuze umkhumbi musa ulahleke ebumnyameni. Le mizi lapho izihlambi zomphakathi kanye central bafudumale system.

ososayensi Medieval futhi ngezenzo zabo

Countdown KweNkathi Ephakathi ngokuvamile kwenziwa nge ukwehla zoMbuso WamaRoma ku IV-V leminyaka BC. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani amandla iSonto LamaKatolika yazuza, nokukhawulela ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, maphakathi amasiko nezemfundo uye wawugxilisa emazweni ase-Asia nase-Islamic.

EChina, yasungulwa zobumba, e-IX ngekhulu, dala black powder, isitayela seshidi ukunyathelisa futhi ukuhlelwa emshinini. Lapha sidale flamethrower futhi isibhamu. I-parachute kuqala futhi glider, ngokusobala, sebevele sibonga isakhamuzi Cordoba Abbas Ibn Firnas.

Ngo XIII-XV ekhulwini-Europe eduze Yempucuko. Ithonya esontweni yobuciko nesayensi iba buthakathaka. Invents ingilazi esibukweni lokuqala, eJalimane ekhuphuka nge buttonholes, Guttenberg kudala wokunyathelisa. Ngo waseNgilandi, uJohn Mary uhlongoza umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yangasese e-Italy, Pisa kanye Alessandro Salvino emuva kudalwa izibuko ezikude kuphela.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi wesimanje

Inkathi esukela XVI ku-XX leminyaka kwaba loudest futhi bhá emlandweni yesayensi lesintu. Baningi zatholwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI, kungokwalabo uLeonardo da Vinci. Lwenza isikele, a catapult, a CROSSBOW, kuhlelo ukuze indiza mshini, nokunye. D.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Spain usungula musket, isiJalimane uPetru Heynlyayn up ephaketheni amawashi, Conrad Gesner wadala ipensela wokuqala, u-Oda Nobuna - yempi. UGalileo Galilei yasungulwa kwesibonakude, izinga lokushisa, isibonakhulu, abahlukanisi ezilinganiselwe.

Ososayensi futhi ngezenzo zabo mancane ezibucayi yesonto. Ekhulwini XVII, esungula ophephela umusi, barometer, futha cleaner, wokubala, iwashi okuthiwa i-pendulum. Ekhulwini XVIII ibhaluni, induku umbani, torsion ibhalansi, ngesitimu, ukukhanya kagesi, isithombe ephepheni.

Ngo XIX-XX eminyaka wafunda ugesi, wesayensi yenuzi, kanye ne-chemistry. Lyutdge kudala i-microphone, Edison - incandescent isibani, uKarl Bents owasungula le imoto. Popov ukudalwa umsakazo, Bratya Rayt owasungula le indiza, Cheremuhin - indiza. Glushko kudala jet injini, Cousteau - scuba.

okusungulile okungahleliwe

Inventions nokwatholakala akuzona njalo umphumela Uhlelo eyakhelwe ngokucacile. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ngengozi noma ngenxa amaphutha. Ikhambi for izifo eziningi, penicillin akuzange kusize, u-Alexander Fleming wathola kungalindelekile, kwelinye izitsha ezingcolile egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela.

Garri Uesli Coover yasungulwa cyanoacrylate, ukwakha ecacile plastic lens for nokuzwa optical. Kodwa lapho yathela impahla kwifomu ukuthi angikwazanga ukuphindela kulo. Kwatholakala ukuthi imfuyo akaphinde asibalele umumo, kodwa glues kakhulu izakhiwo ezahlukene. kwaba Kanjalo superglue kuqala.

Ngengozi, futhi thina esikukweleta ukubukeka ukuphepha ingilazi. umsunguli wayo Edouard Benedictus ngandlela-thile wawisa ebhodleleni, embozwe ukuqhekeka, kodwa ngandlela-thile akazange aphule. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ngamandla ingilazi wanika isixazululo collodion asele ezindongeni bomkhumbi.

Kodwa amazambane chips zadalwa, kunalokho, aphume naphezu. Ukuphendula ukubelesela ecasulayo lamakhasimende yokuthi yakhe fries kakhulu uqweqwe elithambile, chef Dzhordzh Kram wamnika cishe esobala tincetu. Dish bathandile iklayenti, futhi abanye ukuthi bayafuna ukuyizama. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imenyu uvele "Saratogskie chips."