Abacwaningi e-Afrika kanye nokuvula zabo

Kulesi sihloko, siyokhumbula indima efezwa ukuba ukuthuthukiswa lwesifundo abacwaningi Afrika. abakutholile zishintshile ngokuphelele umqondo Izwekazi Dark.

Izifundo zokuqala e-Afrika

Lolu hambo lokuqala aziwa emhlabeni lase-Afrika iye yenziwa kusenesikhathi ungagcina 600 BC. e. abacwaningi waseGibhithe lasendulo ngemiyalo yezikhulu uFaro Nekho. Amaphayona Afrika wazungeza zwekazi wathola engaziwa kuleli zwe.

Futhi Ephakathi, le ngxenye zezwe waqala kubangele ezinokubaluleka okungathi sína e-Europe, okwaholela ukuhweba asebenzayo ne abaseTurkey, zidayiselwe ngemali enkulu izimpahla eChina naseNdiya. Lokhu kwashukumisa amatilosi European ukuzama ukuthola indlela yabo ukuba ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina ukuze kuvinjelwe kucocisana Turkish.

uvele abacwaningi Afrika, futhi ukutholakala kwawo kwawuthonya kakhulu umlando wezwe. Lolu hambo lokuqala eyayihlelwe isiPutukezi Kunyatheliswa Genri. Phakathi nohambo lwabo lwasolwandle lokuqala amatilosi wathola Boyador izimpawulo, esemgwaqweni ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Ukuthi abacwaningi batholé ukuthi lena njengendawo eseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe. Izazi zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi amaPutukezi nje wesaba zabomdabu abamnyama. AbaseYurophu babekholelwa ukuthi ilanga uhlanganyela ongaphakeme ngakho phezu kwezwe elisha, abantu bendawo bashise abamnyama.

IsiPutukezi Korol Huan II ifakwe uhambo entsha, eholwa Bartolomeo Diaz kanye eCape of Good Hope latholakala 1487 - iphuzu real eseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso wasiza baseYurophu iholele indlela emazweni asempumalanga. Ngo 1497-1499 Vasco da Gama zafika okokuqala India nase babuyela Portugal.

Nokumisa lwati lolutfolakele kuzosiza ithebula "Abacwaningi e-Afrika", ngezansi.

Ngemva kwalokho, abantu baseYurophu batheleka Afrika. Ekhulwini le-16 yaqala ukuhweba ngezigqila, futhi ezindaweni 17 iningi black izwekazi ibibanjwe futhi ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe. Freedom walondoloza kuphela Liberia neTopiya. Ekhulwini le-19 kwaqala ucwaningo esebenzayo e-Afrika.

uDavid Livingstone

isihloli Scottish of Africa uDavid Livingstone wayengusosayensi wokuqala European owaphumelela eningizimu kuya enyakatho ukuwela oGwadule LwaseKalahari. Wachaza landscape ehlane, abantu balapha - alien-Tswana sokunethezeka kwabaThwa ayimizulane. Enyakatho-Kalahari wathola igalari amahlathi ezikhula ngasogwini lomfula emfuleni, futhi kuhlelwe ukuhlola imifula emikhulu ye-Afrika.

Futhi, ososayensi behlola echibini Ngami, uMfula iZambezi, usechaze izizwe kwabaThwa, futhi bakalahari Makololo futhi wathola Lake Dilolo, ukwehla nokugeleza kwawo entshonalanga okuyinto feeds eCongo nasempumalanga - iZambezi. Ngo-1855 wavula waterfall omkhulu, okuyinto yaqanjwa British Queen Victoria. Livingstone wagula kakhulu futhi kwaphela isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo luthole isihambi Genri Morton Stenli, futhi bahambisana behlola iLake Tanganyika.

Ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe umcwaningi ezizinikezele Afrika, wayeyisithunywa sevangeli futhi izinto eziphathelene nabantu, bezama ukumisa ukuhweba ngezigqila. Usosayensi yafa ngesikhathi omunye uhambo lwakhe.

mungo Park

Mungo Ipaki wenza mikhankaso amabili kuya Black Izwekazi. Inhloso kwakuwukuba ukufunda eNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi elingaphakathi yayo, imithombo yemifula Gambia futhi Sinegal. Libuye kuwumgomo omuhle kwaba ukusungula indawo eqondile kwedolobha Timbuktu, abantu baseYurophu abangakaze kuze kube yileso sikhathi ayezizwe abendawo kuphela.

Xhasa bomkhankaso wathatha Dzhozef Benks, owaba nengxenye hambo lokuqala 'uJames Cook. Isabelomali kwakuhluke kakhulu nesizotha - esingamakhilogremu angu-200 kuphela.

Lolu hambo lokuqala kwenziwa 1795. Yaqala lapho umlomo Gambia, lapho ngisho ke ayelapho komnikazi ngesiNgisi. Kusukela omunye wabo, umcwaningi ne abasizi ezintathu, wenyukela eGambia. I Pisani waphoqeleka ukuba ayeke izinyanga ezimbili, njengoba umalaleveva.

Kamuva, akagcinanga lapho i-Gambia nemingenela yayo NERICA, eduze komngcele oseningizimu Sahara, lapho lathunjwa. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa usosayensi ikwazile ukuphulukundlela ibaleke, ukufinyelela emfuleni Niger. Lapha wenza ukutholakala - Niger akuyona umthombo Gambia futhi Senegal, nakuba ngaphambili ukuthi AbaseYurophu babekholelwa ukuthi ihlukaniswe. Abanye umcwaningi isikhathi uhambela Nigeria, kodwa futhi iyagula, futhi wabuyela kubo umlomo Gambia.

Lolu hambo sesibili sikuhlomele kangcono, abantu 40 bahlanganyela kuwo. Inhloso kwakuwukuba ukuphenya eMfuleni iNiger. Nokho, uhambo akuphumelelanga. Ngoba lesi sifo, futhi itholene phezulu namabutho bendawo ukuze Bamako bakwazi ukuthola abantu abangu-11 kuphela ephila. Ipaki waqhubeka eviyweni, kodwa ngaphambi ngomkhumbi Uthumele umsizi wonke amarekhodi abo. abacwaningi Afrika akuzona njalo ngikwazile ukuphindela ekhaya evela ezindaweni eziyingozi. Ipaki wabulawa ngasedolobheni Busa, Obalekela bendawo.

Genri Morton Stenli

IsiZulu wamazwe Afrika Genri Morton Stenli - isihambi ezidumile intatheli. Waya beyofuna eLivingstone ulahlekile ephelezelwa iqembu lamabutho abantu bendawo bamthola nezibi e-Ujiji. Stanley zaletha izinto zokwelapha, futhi ngokushesha waqhubeka Livingston isichibiyelo. Ngokubambisana wahlola ugu olusenyakatho yaseTanganyika. Ngo-1872 wabuyela Zanzibar futhi wabhala incwadi odumile othi, "Indlela ngithole Livingstone". Ngo-1875, ephelezelwa iqembu elikhulu ososayensi safinyelela echibini Ukereve.

Ngo-1876, nge ihlukane zabantu 2,000, okuyinto ibahlomisé inkosi yase-Uganda, Genri Morton Stenli amabanga amade, ibalazwe fixed lweLake Tanganyika, wathola Lake Albert Edward, safinyelela Nangve, ehlola emfuleni Lualaba baqeda uhambo emlonyeni soMfula iCongo. Ngakho, ewela izwekazi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga. Usosayensi Izikhangibavakashi echazwe encwadini "Ngosizo lwesikhulu esithile Izwekazi Omnyama."

Vasiliy Yunker

abacwaningi Russian e-Afrika aye enza umnikelo omkhulu ekutadisheni Black Izwekazi. Vasiliy Yunker ubhekwa njengomunye wabacwaningi eziholayo Upper Nile kanye enyakatho ingxenye Congo Basin. Uhambo lwakhe waqala e Tunisia, lapho afundela khona Arabhu. Into usosayensi ucwaningo wakhetha Afrika enkabazwe kanye empumalanga. Wadabula ehlane waseLibya, emifuleni uBharaki, Sobat, indima, Jute, Tonzhi. Mitt wavakashela izwe, Kalika.

Junker akuzange nje bahlangana iqoqo ezingavamile yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. izifundo zakhe cartographic babe olunembile, wenza ibalazwe lokuqala sifinyelela engenhla saseNayile, futhi usosayensi othile wachaza yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi nezinkawu imininingwane wathola isilwane engaziwa - shestokryla. idatha abalulekile kanye ethnographic, okuyinto zathathwa Juncker. Yena ihlanganiswe isichazamazwi sezizwe zakwa Negro, wabutha iqoqo ocebile ethnographic.

Yegor Kovalevsky

Abacwaningi wafika laseAfrika ngokumenywa neziphathimandla zendawo. Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky ecelwa ukuba eze eGibhithe le viceroy wendawo Muhammad Ali. Ososayensi baye olwenziwa e-North-Eastern Afrika, ucwaningo ehlukahlukene Geological wathola ezifakwa placer igolide. Ungomunye ngowokuqala aveze isikhundla umthombo White Nile, wafundiswa ngokuningiliziwe futhi womkhathi weNingizimu endaweni enkulu e-Sudan kanye Abyssinia, wachaza le ukuphila kwabantu abanengi be-Afrika.

Alexander Eliseev

Aleksandr vasilevich Eliseev labetibambile kulelivekati iminyaka eminingana, kusukela 1881 kuya 1893. Wafunda enyakatho futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika. Wachaza ngokuningiliziwe ubunjalo labantu futhi Tunisia, oLwandle Olubomvu, kanye sifinyelela engezansi iNayile.

UNikolai Vavilov

Abacwaningi baseSoviet abaphenya wayevame Afrika Ebumnyameni Izwekazi, kodwa phakathi kwabo UNikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ivelele kakhulu. Ngo-1926 wenza isayensi uhambo ezinkulu. Wafunda Algeria, Biskra samanzi ogwadule eSahara, entabeni esifundeni Kabylia, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, iGibithe, iTopiya futhi Eritrea.

Botany nesithakazelo ngokuyinhloko emaphaketheni kwezitshalo ukuvela. A esiningi wayehumusha saya eTopiya, lapho uqoqe zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka anamathandathu amawaka izitshalo kutshalwa futhi wathola mayelana 250 zinhlobo kakolweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezimila zasendle etholwe.

UNikolai Vavilov uhambo emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlola kanye lokuqoqa izitshalo. ebhala: "Ziyisihlanu Amazwekazi" incwadi mayelana zakhe.