Yiziphi amagciwane kanye nendima yabo nemvelo

Emhlabeni ekupheleni XIX leminyaka, ososayensi baqala buthelela ulwazi mayelana nomehluko phakathi prokaryotic futhi iseli eukaryotic , kanjalo kancane kancane banikezwe umbuso ahlukene eziphilayo, ukungabi kuhlanganiswe yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo sezitokisi, - Protista. Nokho, lokho amagciwane ngaleso sikhathi kuphela kwakumelwe ngifunde: ukubonwa ngekhulu XX. lolu lwazi iye systematized. I-bacterium ezibekwe zonke izindawo, elikwaziyo wakha udaba eziphilayo. Futhi ibekezelele amazinga aphakeme okushisa aphansi, usawoti kanye asidi. Ngakho, umbuso amagciwane uhlala hhayi kuphela imvelo, lapho ukubola udaba eziphilayo ukuze baphile, kodwa futhi ezinabantu populates eziningi nolwelwesi lwamafinyila bezilwane nabantu, ekusizeni ekugayeni ukudla, futhi ancintisane Amagciwane. omkhulu Ikakhulukazi indima yabo umzimba nitrogen, kusukela cyanobacteria kukhona ukusisingatha nitrogen esemkhathini kuphela. Nokho, ezinye amagciwane yizithunywa causative izifo: rinderpest, anaerobic kanye nezifo emathunjini, ugcunsula, ikholera yalesisifo.

morphology

Ultrastroenie amagciwane ebonakalayo kuphela ngesibonakhulu electron, Nokho, ukuthi amagciwane anjalo, futhi babukeka kanjani ngaphandle, ungabona nokucwiliswa microscopy besebenzisa amasu ezikhethekile staining. Ubukhulu alawa magciwane ziyahlukahluka kusuka microns 0.1 kuya kwezingu-10, kodwa ivumela morphology amagciwane kuwahlukanise ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: eyindilinga - cocci (mono-, abanikazi kanye tetra-, streptococci futhi sartsiny), induku - bacilli (mono-, diplo- , streptococci) nesisontekile - vibrio, spirilla futhi spirochetes. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri ukucacisa uhlobo izakhiwo enzyme etshalwa ku abavamile noma ekhethekile izakhi abezindaba ngokusebenzisa koloni ekwakhekeni, futhi ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi babe iphethini ezahlukene zokukhula.

isakhiwo

Ngokuvamile, lokho amagciwane inquma ultrastructure yabo. Ngaphandle agodliwe amagciwane cell odongeni, ehlanganisa zamatshe peptidoglycan, acid teichoic futhi lipid. Lokuhlushwa lowekucala ikhono amabhaktheriya Gram ongcoliswe indlela kule smear, owawuthi bona zichazwa gy + futhi Gr. Abanye babo baye isakhiwo ezengeziwe zokuzivikela - capsule equkethe K antigen iphinde ivimbele phagocytosis zabo ngaphakathi silwanyana, imiphumela ezinobuthi futhi izici lokukhanda. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi i-bacterium, kubalulekile ukufunda isakhiwo sabo intracellular: amabhaktheriya zigcwele cytoplasm, okuyinto ziyoncibilika nezinye organelles (ribosomes, chromatophores) kanye iinthombe izakhi (lipids, ushukela). Lezi, njengazo zonke prokaryotes ungazange ekhishwe kuyi-nucleus futhi lonke ulwazi zofuzo lilondolozwe kabili balahleke nucleic acid-molecule iseningizimu endaweni nucleoid futhi eqondiswa ulwelwesi ngesinye isikhathi. Beyond Imininingwane zaso zofuzo kuqukethwe plasmid ezingasetshenziswa ukunquma izakhiwo kanye nokuthuthukisa izici pathogenic. Ukuze ukunyakaza basebenzisa flagella futhi spirillum, fixed kuseli lomzimba basal, futhi ukwanda kwabo kwenzeka sokuhlukanisa kabili.