Ontogeny: Izinhlobo kanye Izimpawu

Ontogenesis - inqubo yentuthuko ngabanye eziphawula izinto eziphilayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukhona kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ehlongozwayo ngu Ernst Haeckel, usosayensi isiJalimane, ngo-1886. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola kafushane ontogeny, izinhlobo zayo futhi ngokucacile labo zinhlobo ezahlukene.

I ontogeny single futhi amaningi

Ngo lenyama namagciwane ke cishe kuvumelana umjikelezo cell. La magciwane ontogeny iqala ukuvela umzimba owumphumela sokuhlukanisa iseli umama. It uqede inqubo sokufa kwenzeka ngenxa imiphumela emibi, noma elinye division.

zinhlobo Ontogeny ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha asexually, iqala neqiniso ehlukanisa iqembu lamaseli (khumbula, isibonelo, inqubo luthela Hydra) kusuka umzimba umzali. Ukwabelana mitosis, la mangqamuzana akha umuntu omusha nazo zonke kwezitho izinhlelo. Ngo izinhlobo nokuzala ucansi, ontogenesis inqubo iqala kokukhulelwa, kwakhiwa emva kwalokho zygote is, okuyinto iseli lokuqala umuntu omusha.

Ontogenesis - kuyinto ekuguquleni umzimba ku omdala?

Sethemba ukuthi kahle umbuzo othi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo umqondo kudalulwe. Futhi izinhlobo ontogeny, futhi inqubo ngokwalo, njengoba ungase ukhumbule, isebenza kulo lonke ekuphileni umzimba. Awakwazi sehliselwe ukukhula ngabanye okuguqula kube umuntu omdala. Ontogeny - uchungechunge eluthile izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka kuwo wonke amazinga umzimba. Umphumela kumiswa imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile, isakhiwo ubunikazi boyedwa kwalesi silwane, futhi ikhono nokuzala. I ontogeny izinqubo igcwaliswe eziholela ukuguga bese ukufa.

Okulandelayo nezikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko ehlukaniswe ontogeny - fetus postembryonic. Ekuqaleni, kwamiswa umbungu Isilwane. Wabumba isitho kwemisele emikhulu. Kube sekulandela inkathi nangemuva kokuzalwa komntwana. Phakathi bayo izinqubo ekupheleni, bese kufika ukuthomba, bese - ukukhiqizwa kabusha, ukuguga futhi ekugcineni, ukufa.

Ukuzaliseka Imininingwane lezinceku

New ngabanye uthola kusuka izakhi zofuzo abazali uhlobo imiyalelo ucacise lokho kushintsha kuzokwenzeka emzimbeni ngoba kokuphothula inkambo yabo yokuphila. Ngakho-ke, sinesithakazelo ekutheni inqubo - Ukuzaliseka Imininingwane sitholwa njengefa. Okulandelayo sizobheka e kabanzi ontogeny (izinhlobo kanye nezici).

ontogeny nenkhulumombiko

Ngo uhlobo ngqo zisifake wangena nenhlalakahle, e uhlaka jikelele kufana omdala, akukho esiteji yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo. Ngo uhlobo engaqondile livela isibungu, okuyinto uhluke oyiyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle i umzimba omdala. It ahluke e Indlela amandla ukunyakaza imvelo, futhi enezinto eziningi nezinye izici. Izibungu siguqulelwa omdala ngenxa baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele. Inikeza izinzuzo umzimba kakhudlwana. Lolu hlobo ukuthuthukiswa ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu. uhlobo Straight kwenzeka utero futhi nelichinochnoy fomu.

Ake sihlole kabanzi ngamunye wabo.

ontogenesis ongaqondile: izinhlobo, nezikhathi

It kugujwa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezingenamgogodla futhi abanye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo (eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izinyoka). Esikhathini inqubo yentuthuko kuzo kungenzeka izigaba eyodwa noma ezimbalwa elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu. ukhona kungenxa izinqolobane elincane isikhuphasha emaqandeni kwalezi zilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuchazwe isidingo sokushintsha imvelo ephilayo enqubeni ukuthuthukiswa noma hlala izinhlobo yisinanakazana, abangasebenzi noma ukungenzi msebenzi onyakazisa umzimba yokuphila.

Ukuthuthukiswa ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu futhi akuphelele

Achanyuselwa izibungu bukhoma ekukhanyeni bebodwa. Amemezela ngentshiseko zidla, ukuthuthukisa futhi ikhule. Sinenkosi eziningana akhethekile esikhashana (provisory) emizimbeni, okuyizinto ngingekho abadala. Elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu (ngokungaqondile) uhlobo kwentuthuko ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu noma olungaphelele. Lesi sigaba eyenziwa ngesisekelo izici yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo, okuyinto libhekene ontogeny ethile. Izinhlobo ke kudinga luhlolo eningiliziwe, ngakho usitshele kabanzi ngazo.

Uma kuziwa ushintsho akuphelele, isibungu ozalwa ekugcineni ilahlekelwa izitho elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu futhi ithola constants okuyizinto sici umzimba omdala (khumbula, isibonelo, izintethe). Uma ukuthuthukiswa Kwenziwa ngenze ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu isibungu iba esinqunyiwe unodoli kuqala. Khona-ke, kuvela umuntu omdala, okuyinto wehlukile izibungu (ukukhumbula izimvemvane).

Kungani izibungu

Okwakushiwo khona zabo, mhlawumbe, wukuthi abazi zisebenzisa hhayi ukudla ezifana abadala, kanjalo nokwandisa isizinda ukudla kwezinhlobo. Singafanisa, isib, amacimbi ukudla izimvemvane (amaqabunga kanye umpe, ngokulandelana) noma tadpoles namaselesele (zooplankton nezinambuzane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziningi, kuyilapho esigabeni elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu, ngenkuthalo ukuhlola indawo entsha. I izibungu bivalves, isibonelo, labo abazokwazi ukubhukuda lokho akulona iqiniso abantu abadala abangakwazi cishe ongasanyakazi.

Kutfutfukiswa baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele e kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane inhlanzi

izinhlobo ukuthuthukiswa (ontogeny), okuvela kusukela baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele kukhona isici yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezifana kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane izinhlanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqanda amafomu frog ngunoshobishobi (izibungu), okuyinto oyiyo, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo kanye indlela yokuphila wehlukile abadala. Tadpoles babe gills, umsila, umzimba side imigqa, inhliziyo ezimbili chambered. Njengomhlaba inhlanzi, kuthi enye kwegazi. Lapho isibungu esefike ezingeni elithile yentuthuko, baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele yayo senzeka, lapho kukhona izimpawu sici i umzimba omdala. Lena yindlela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngunoshobishobi liphenduka frog.

Amphibians khona isigaba elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu inikeza ithuba ukuba bahlale ezindaweni ezahlukene, bese usebenzisa ukudla ezahlukene. Unoshobishobi, isibonelo, bahlala amanzi ukudla imifino. Ixoxo phanga dla isilwane futhi ikakhulukazi impilo eliwumhlaba. Ngo izinambuzane eziningi kukhona isimangaliso esifanayo. Ukushintsha imvelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuyindlela yokuphila ngesikhathi Ukuqeda esigabeni elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu esigabeni omdala, kunciphisa ukushuba wokulwela ukuphila ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo inikezwe.

uhlobo Direct yentuthuko

Selichaza izinhlobo ezinkulu ontogeny bese uya olandelayo - ziqonde. Ibizwa nangokuthi nelichinochnym. He is ngaphakathi utero futhi yaytsekladnym. Kafushane elichaza lezi zinhlobo, izigaba ontogenesis zihluke ngokuphelele olimini nomunye.

Yaytsekladny uhlobo

It is ebonwe eziningi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, kanye izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, inhlanzi kanye ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, lapho amaqanda abacebile isikhuphasha. Ngakho-ke, umbungu okhula ngaphakathi amaqanda isikhathi eside. ukuphila Imisebenzi Basic abazenzi ulwelwesi embryonic - izitho ekhethekile provisory.

Ezincelisayo, amaqanda

Kunezinhlobo 3 izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo eziningi, amaqanda ukuthi aziyona into evamile lesi sigaba sisonke. Nokho, namazinyane azo suckle ubisi. Lena isici ezincelisayo bebonke. Platypus amaqanda (ngenhla), enesihlungu eside elinekhala futhi korotkonosaya. Bahlala-Australia, Tasmania naseNew Guinea, futhi basonta oda monotremes.

Lezi zilwane zifane ezihuquzelayo zibekela iqanda hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokwakheka izinhlelo excretory, zokuzala, futhi wokugaya ukudla, kanye izici eziningi yokwakheka (isakhiwo yomgogodla, izimbambo nesiphanga ibhande, isakhiwo iso). Monotremes Nokho, kubhekwa ukuba ezincelisayo ngoba inhliziyo yabo ine emakamelweni ezine, zingabantu esinegazi elifudumele, embozwe uboya ayancelisa ubisi. Ngaphezu ezincelisayo libhekene eziningi izici isakhiwo skeleton yabo.

uhlobo kokubeletha

Isihloko "izinhlobo ontogeny nezici zabo," thina cishe ingamboziwe. Nokho, asizange wakhuluma okwamanje mayelana yokugcina, ekilasini ngaphambi kokubeletha. Kuyinto isici abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo ephakeme, oocytes okuyinto cishe akukho amaprotheni. Kulokhu bonke imisebenzi ebalulekile ziyafezeka ngokusebenzisa okuholela umbungu umzimba kwabakhulelwe. Kuze kube yimanje, unina fetus placenta izicubu eba - umzimba ekhethekile okwesikhashana.

placenta

Lokhu umzimba ukhona ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuphela. I-placenta e abantu kuyinto emzimbeni kwesibeletho ngokuvamile ku kususwa udonga lwangemuva, okungenani - ngezihluthu. Ngokuphelele wawubumba is sokukhulelwa mayelana 15-16 amasonto '. Ngesikhathi isonto lama-20 ngemva izitsha esinomhlapho iqala lifika ngenkuthalo exchange.

I-placenta uyindoda - idiski round flat. Isisindo sayo ngesikhathi ukulethwa imayelana 500-600 g, ukujiya - 3.2 cm, futhi ububanzi - 15-18 cm 2 ebusweni placenta kukhona :. nal nezithelo.

Ekupheleni sokukhulelwa kukhona bokuphila ukuguga umzanyana. It kuhambisana ukubukeka usawoti sebethule amasayithi, ukuncishiswa endaweni exchange ebusweni. enqubweni yokuzalwa komntwana uyaqhubeka ontogeny.

Izinhlobo, okuyinto sibuyekeze, ichazwe kafushane nje. Sithemba uzothola kulesi sihloko lonke ulwazi oludingekayo. Incazelo kanye nezinhlobo ontogenesis kufanele kube kuhle ukwazi uma ukuzilungisa for the ukuhlolwa eziphilayo.