Olwaluhlala Finch: umsuka zilwane. Izizathu umehluko isakhiwo Uqhwaku

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Galapagos Islands ungakaze ube ingxenye yezwe, futhi iphuma ezibilinini zomhlaba, nezimila yabo nezilwane ahlukile. Iningi abameleli kukhona sendawo, futhi ezingaphezu kuka-ikuphi emhlabeni azisenzeki. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi izintaka zikaDarwin. Bakhandwa lokuqala esachazwa uCharles Darwin, owathola value abo e-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

umsuka zinhlobo

iqembu sendawo wezinyoni, abanye ososayensi ubheke emberizidae umkhaya, nabanye - Tanager. Igama lesibili - kaDarwin - ezikutholile sibonga owathola yayo. Usosayensi Young futhi ohahela isikhundla wamangala iziqhingi nemvelo. Wasikisela ukuthi konke izintaka ku Galapagos Islands sinokhokho oyedwa, ngikutholile lapha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2 million edlule kusukela nezwekazi eliseduze, okungukuthi, cishe, eSouth America.

Zonke izinyoni ezincane, ubude umzimba ezomhlaba 10-20 cm Umehluko omkhulu, okuyinto utshelwa uCharles Darwin umqondo speciation -. Ubujamo kanye nosayizi izinyoni umlomo. Ziyashiyashiyana kakhulu, futhi kuvumela kohlobo ngalunye hlala yabo ehlukile niche semvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umehluko umbala izimpaphe (omnyama brown nemibala busa) kanye ngokukhala. Ukubuka izinyoni, usosayensi wasikisela ukuthi ekuqaleni kulesi siqhingi kwakuhlala eyodwa kuphela zinhlobo zezintaka. Kancane kancane isatshalaliswa ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo, yokuvumelana izimo ezahlukene ndawo. Nokho, ukulungele-to-ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kwakungewona wonke izintaka zikaDarwin. Ngoqhwaku - ukuthi umbandela main kwemvelo. Esikhathini wokulwela ukuphila inzuzo kwaba kulezo zinhlobo lapho ezifaneleke ukudla lendawo. Abanye abantu baye bathola ezihlukahlukene imbewu, kuyilapho abanye - lezi zinambuzane. Umphumela waba wokuqhekeka primordial (yokhokho) zilwane kwezinye eziningana, futhi ngamunye kubo ngokukhethekile isisekelo ukudla othize.

Ngenxa yocwaningo lwakhe nokwatholakala kancane olwaluhlala Finch langena wezinto eziphilayo umlando iziqhingi ongaqondakali futhi ezikude waba laboratory ezivulekile ukuthi ilungele kokubona imiphumela izinqubo kwemvelo.

nombono wanamuhla

Eziphefumulelwe theory Charles kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo izintaka ngenkuthalo wasiza isayensi yesimanje e isiqinisekiso yayo. Okungenani ukukhuluma ngalokhu Usosayensi othile Princeton University uPetru Grant nozakwabo.

ucwaningo lwabo, baqinisekisa ukuthi imbangela kwezinhlobo ezahlukene olwaluhlala izintaka ungaphakathi base ukudla umzabalazo phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene. Emsebenzini wabo, bathi esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi nge omunye zezinyoni ushintsho olunjalo azibikezela ziye zenzeka. Finch usayizi uqhwaku ishintshile ngenxa yokuthi izimbangi esiqhingini inzuzo, futhi ukudla wawumncane. Kwathatha iminyaka engu-22 ukuthi izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwamanje cishe okulingana. Ngo Finch uqhwaku encishisiwe ngobukhulu, futhi bakwazi ukumsiza ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni mncintiswano ngokuya ukudla ezahlukene.

Imiphumela neminyaka engaphezu kwengu-33 yomsebenzi eziye zanyatheliswa komagazini i-Science. Afakazela indima ebalulekile ukuncintinsana inqubo kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha.

Ubangela esiqhingini inombolo enkulu zezintaka, futhi bonke bangabafundi sendawo, kodwa ezivamile izinhlobo ezintathu eyinhloko iqembu umhlaba ezinyakaza. Ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe.

Elikhulu cactus Finch

A iyinyoni encane (ngenhla) uhlala esiqhingini ezine zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi, futhi njengoba ungakwazi ukuqagela kusuka isihloko, ukuphila kwakhe buhlobene eduze cactus. Lokhu Finch olwaluhlala ukuzisebenzisa hhayi kuphela njengoba nendawo yokukhosela kuphela kodwa futhi ukudla (izithelo nezimbali). Uqhwaku ukuma oblong, luqine, kangcono ukuthola izinambuzane nembewu. Black, namabala gray azalela.

Okulingene phansi Finch

Lona uhlobo zezintaka ukucula, sitholwe uCharles Darwin ku Galapagos Islands. Isakhiwo Uqhwaku sinamandla, onamandla, zafanelwa ukuchofoza imbewu encane ngosayizi. Ngesisekelo ekudleni njengoba izinambuzane (ngokukhethekile, ke iqoqa izimuncagazi kusukela conolophus isikhumba nezimfudu), kanye amajikijolo. Ngokocwaningo lwamuva, kuba lolu hlobo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela isibonelo esihle ekuqaleni speciation sympatric. Kukhona imiphakathi emibili (morphs) ukuthi kukhona isakhiwo ukuhluka Uqhwaku. Nokho, lokhu kwaholela umehluko nokucula. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bazo zombili imiphakathi ukuphila endaweni efanayo, kodwa ikakhulu kuphela ewela ngaphakathi morphs.

Sharpbeak phansi Finch

Amazing olwaluhlala Finch Waziwa kakhulu omunye zenyathi - septentrionalis. Ukudla kwalo bahlanganisa ikakhulu yegazi nezinye izilwane abahlala esiqhingini, ikakhulukazi gannet. Uqhwaku Cijela nasebubini bamane phusha off the isikhumba nje kokuthi iqale opha. Ngakho ngendlela engavamile bona olungaba isinxephezelo isidingo samanzi emzimbeni sika in uketshezi, enezela iziqhingi incane kakhulu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha uye savela ngenxa ezidala ukudla, okuyinto izinyoni amabhu kwezinye izilwane.

Thina uhlobo ukubukela dimorphism ngokocansi: kwabesilisa lingama izimpaphe amnyama, nabesifazane - ezimpunga izindawo ensundu.

camarhynchus

Uhlobo lwe siqukethe zinhlobo eziyisithupha, bonke babo bayithusi sendawo futhi zitholakala kuphela Galapagos Islands. I zezilwane nezimila lendawo usengozini kakhulu futhi wabhubhisa kalula lapho esisele kuwo. Be lilodwa ezivela ezweni siqhingi abadinga ukuvikelwa kanye nokulondolozwa. Ikakhulu, i-lomhlume isihlahla Finch okwamanje esongelwa yokuqothulwa. Small grey inyoni omnqumo webele bukhoma ku esiqhingini eyodwa nje - Isabela ubukhulu labantu abantu abangaba ngu-140.

Okuthakazelisayo indlela zaseGalapagos Finch feeds. Nguye omkhulu isinambuzane izibungu, okuyinto phumani ngaphansi emagxolweni kwesihlahla ngesinye isikhathi kunzima, ngakho-ke isebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile (izinduku, amahlumela, utshani), okuyinto ngobuhlakani Ukuvubukula ngaphakathi. Ngokufanayo kuza enye inyoni yalolu hlobo - the Finch lesiqophamithi (esesithombeni), ubani okhetha ukusebenzisa kuhlanganise ameva a cactus.