Oluncane izitshalo: izibonelo nezici

Zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili amakhulu - amaselula kanye non-amaselula. Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisa amagciwane kuphela, kodwa owokuqala - zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Iseli kungenzeka eukaryotic (ube isakhiwo le kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana) noma prokaryotic (core okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi). Laba emelelwa amagciwane, futhi owokuqala zihlanganisa zonke ezinye amaqembu izidalwa. Isakhiwo iningi labo yakhiwa amaseli amaningi, kodwa kukhona kuleli qembu eziphilayo owumphumela, izitshalo, isikhunta, ngisho nezilwane. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama amoeba, ciliates, isikhunta - imvubelo, Mucor, Penicillium.

Isakhiwo plant cells owumphumela

La magciwane kukhona eukaryotes, okungukuthi, DNA kwabo kuyi-nucleus, okuyinto has a umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Njengazo zonke amaseli isitshalo, ziqukethe organelles eqondiwe njengokulanda vacuoles futhi plastids. Futhi isakhiwo sabo siqukethe mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apharathasi kanye reticulum endoplasmic, okusho iqoqo organelles, indinganiso yabo bonke eukaryotes.

umsebenzi organelles

Mitochondria afeze omunye izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu kuseli - zikhiqiza amandla ngoba zonke izinqubo zokuphila. Lysosomes banesibopho ukugayeka intracellular izakhamzimba. Imisebenzi kukhona ribosomal amaprotheni zamagama kusukela ngabanye amino acid.

I Golgi synthesize ezinye molecule ihlelwa zonke cell athuthukile ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

reticulum Endoplasmic nawo uhilelekile kule umzimba, ukuqongelela namaminerali Kuhlanganisa lipids futhi phospholipids. Organelles ezingakaze zibe ukutshala amaseli, futhi imisebenzi kubaluleke ngezinga elifanayo. Ngo inqubo ye-photosynthesis kwenzeka chloroplast, vacuoles nokusebenzisa indima ithangi cell izinto ezingadingekile.

Oluncane izitshalo. izibonelo

Lolu hlobo eziphilayo kukhona ekilasini ulwelwe. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu kuyinto owumphumela izitshalo chlamydomonas. Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa Chlorella nangezinkolelo-ze ezihlukahlukene diatoms.

izici kwesakhiwo

izitshalo elilodwa zinhlobo ezahlukene babe izici zabo ehlukile. Nakuba zonke aqukethe kuseli eyodwa, kodwa kungase kudingeke siqu izici ezithile.

Chlamydomonas - ummeleli edume kunazo ulwelwe unicellular. Yehluka nabanye ukuthi unakho organelles ezifana iso ukukhanya-sensitive, ngawo eziphilayo kungacacisa ukuthi lapho kukhona amandla elanga ukuze photosynthesis. Kunalokho, chloroplast eziningi banayo, ngokuthi chromatophores esisodwa esikhulu. Futhi isakhiwo sabo siqukethe vacuole contractile. Ikhonza njengabameleli amaphampu ukuthi ukumpompa ketshezi ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banayo flagella ezimbili, organelles evumela umzimba ukuhambisa bebheke ukukhanya. Enye izitshalo elilodwa - Chlorella.

Thanda Chlamydomonas, zingabantu ulwelwe oluhlaza, kodwa akudingeki organelles ekhethekile eziningi kangaka, njengoba eziphilayo echazwe ngenhla. amaseli wabo - yemifino ejwayelekile.

Diatoms ziyasebenza nakubantu izitshalo owumphumela. Ziyakwazi esiyinhloko plankton ehlala emizimbeni omkhulu wamanzi. Banezinhliziyo ethize cell ulwelwesi evikela umzimba kusuka imvelo bangaphandle. Siqukethe dioxide ka-silicon, oxides yensimbi, aluminium nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. Kusukela izinsalela amagobolondo akhiwa amaminerali amaningi. Iningi izitshalo owumphumela ukukhiqiza kabusha indlela ukuhlukana. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezifana uthole izakhi zabo ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, okusho ukuthi kukhona autotrophs.