Okusanhlamvu: ukubaluleka nezinzuzo

Okusanhlamvu nge endulo uyayenza ingcenye eqakathekileko ekudleni kwabantu. Uhlu main okusanhlamvu izitshalo zihlanganisa rye, ukolweni, oats, ibhali, nokunye okufana nokolweni, amabele, amabele, irayisi kanye corn. Cereal isitshalo kungokwalabo ekilasini monocotyledons. Siyenza - straw, amahlamvu abe veining okufanayo, impande lunemicu izithelo - Weevil. Zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswe ebusika (bona ezihlwanyelwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla) kanye entwasahlobo (entwasahlobo seeded).

okusanhlamvu

Okusanhlamvu (isithombe embhalweni) - ngaphandle ihaba, iqembu ezibaluleke kakhulu izitshalo kutshalwa. Grain akuyona ukudla kuphela abantu futhi imfuyo, kodwa kubuye kube impahla eluhlaza for ezimbonini eziningi.

Ngo incenye okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu aqukethe:

• carbohydrate;
• amaprotheni;
• enzyme;
• PP amavithamini iqembu B (B _1, B _2, B _6), pro-Vitamin A.

kakolweni

Lapho le nkulumo ethi "wokudla" efika engqondweni kakolweni. Simila wonke amazwekazi (ngaphandle Antarctica). Ngaphansi izitshalo zakhe iqashe cishe 140 kwezigidi ezingu-hectare nomhlabathi ovundile.

zizalela Modern inikeza ithuba belima 4,000 izinhlobo. Ngo emaqeleni zingatholakala 20 zama kakolweni zasendle ezikhulayo. Isiko iyikhaya Southwest Eshiya: Palestine, eMesophothamiya, Jordan, Syria.

Ukolweni elikhona ekudleni cishe isigamu abakhileyo emhlabeni. Okusanhlamvu isetshenziselwa ufulawa, okusanhlamvu kanye pasta. Bhala ulandelanise konke imikhiqizo ingenziwa okusanhlamvu kabusha kakolweni, kumane nje akunakwenzeka. ukwehluka wabo umxhwele.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• einkorn;
• dvuzernyanka (emmer);
• apelwe.

Ziyakwazi okhokho bonke zenyathi namuhla eyaziwa. Kusukela emmer kakolweni kanzima zenzeka. Ziyakwazi kangcono ezomile. Basuke otshalwa e-United States, e-Australia, eCanada. ibhali Solid isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza pasta. Off-grade kakolweni sidla imfuyo. Zokutshala libhekisela umndeni omkhulu apelwe. Lona impahla eziyisisekelo ngokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha.

unyaluthi

Millet Nokho libhekwa njengoba "okusanhlamvu", kodwa ezisetshenziselwa ukubhaka izinkwa. Grain kuziwa ibhali, ufulawa ukuze ubhake amaqebelengwane nesinkwa. Lapho kwazalelwa lokhu wokudla kukhona China futhi Mongolia. Skify kutshalwa unyaluthi namanje IV-V eminyaka. Imivubukulo e Dnieper Ephakathi uqinisekise leli qiniso. Ngo eChina yasendulo, unyaluthi kwahlanganiswa uhlu izitshalo ezinhlanu ezibhekwa engcwele.

I sieved okuqukethwe amaprotheni eliphezulu (ngaphezulu kuphela ukolweni). Millet Imbewu iyizwi amancane baqina phakathi okusanhlamvu. Kuvele udonga lwangaphandle e ukucutshungulwa Silicon okusanhlamvu ziyasuswa (it is hhayi kugaywe esiswini womuntu). Ngemva kwalokho, le croup kahle abilisiwe esithambile futhi kugaywe kahle.

Kuwusizo njengoba kwezitshalo ifolishi. Millet kabanzi lisetshenziswe nemfuyo, ikakhulukazi embonini izinkukhu.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-500 zama-lokhu wokudla. Millet kuletha lokoma njengoba inhlabathi kanye nomoya. isitshalo linesizotha futhi aqine kudinga kuphela inhlabathi evundile - kusukela ezimpandeni zakhe usebenzisa umoya. Isivuno kuyinto 18 quintals ehektheleni. Ngaphansi izitshalo matasa kumahekthare ayizigidi ezingu-12.

Millet luhlukaniswe zinhlobo ezilandelayo okusanhlamvu:

• zokutshala;
• unyaluthi eSiberia;
• amabele.

amabele

Cereal amabele, zimila Afrika. ukhokho wayo zasendle lalahleka kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, into liyaziwa ezithile ngaye. Emazweni ashisayo, amabele - i okusanhlamvu isivuno ebalulekile. Isomiso ukubekezelelana (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ikamela emhlabeni isitshalo) kanye isivuno high wamxosha wokuncintisana ukuze ukulima Ezindaweni ezinesomiso umhlaba.

Isici esivelele sesimiso isiko ukuthi lapho okusanhlamvu ukuvunwa sifanamsindvo namaqabunga ahlale imifino amnandi. Lokhu kunika amandla ukusetshenziswa amabele ekunikezeni ukudla isilwane ngesimo silage noma okusindayo oluhlaza.

Okuxakayo ukuthi la izinhlobo amabele hybrid ukuhlinzeka-40% isivuno mkhulu ambalwa sabazali. Le mpahla kabanzi ukukhiqiza irekhodi kwesivuno zokusanhlamvu. Kusukela okulungiselelwa iphalishi, kokubili kusuka okusanhlamvu ezivamile. Ufulawa esetshenziselwa ukubhaka izinkwa, ukwenza pancake kanye nezinye izitsha Baked.

rye

Kuqhathaniswa kakolweni rye isinkwa kubhekwa isiko bobusha xaxa. Yena alutholakalanga amakhaya wawobaba kusukela Stone Age. Ingabe akunjalo, futhi ihlala emathuneni.

Ekuqaleni rye isinyathelo kakolweni kwamasiko Amasimu njengoba ukhula. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima yasenyakatho ngesimo sendawo enezintaba kakolweni ayithelanga isivuno singesihle futhi ukufa. Rye, kunalokho, aziyeka ngokubekezela kahle izimo ezinzima. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, savela zibe cereal kwamasiko.

Ngisho esikhathini isazi seBhayibheli sekhulu lokuqala uPliny eRoma esyinikele isici ufulawa osinda kangaka, isinkwa amnyama eliphansi, ukulingana kuphela ukuze anelise iphango. Noma kunjalo, imikhiqizo yokudla okunempilo ezenziwe ngofulawa rye kuphezulu.

Njengamanje, isiko Simila ikakhulukazi Nenkabazwe. Etshalwayo-8 zilwane e-Asia, e-Europe nase-Afrika. Kukhona entwasahlobo ebusika izinhlobo zalesi sitshalo. Ezithela of up 2 amathani ehektheleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuba wokudla, onikeza ezithela kakhulu rye esetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yemvelo ikhukhumala. Izimpande izitshalo kahle branched futhi zingene shí enhlabathini, sikhule ngamandla futhi kuhlukaniswe inhlabathi.

Sikwazi ukukhula isiko linesizotha on nenhlabathi abampofu. Ikakhulukazi rye yikhono layo sikhule kahle ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngo-Alps, rye kwenzeka ngisho endaweni engamamitha 2000 amamitha.

Kule ufulawa wokudla kungenziwa kubhakwa, hhayi kuphela isinkwa kodwa futhi ehla esiphundu, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi ufulawa kwaba asezingeni elifanele. Kancane ekukhiqizeni, kanye namasiko isetshenziswa ukondla izilwane zasemapulazini.

corn

Ummbila noma ummbila, - i wokudla yonyaka. Okwazalelwa zalesi sitshalo esimangalisayo, eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi. On European izwekazi isiko wafika ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nanhlanu.

Ummbila ivelele ngokumelene konke okusanhlamvu eyaziwa kwesiqu sakhe omkhulu. Ibanga "ihhashi izinyo" zingakhula 5 amamitha. I ezithela enkulu e ezweni zommbila. Soft sezulu esifudumele futhi imvula maningi kangcono ukulima yayo.

zizalela Modern inikeza wokusanhlamvu ifolishi izinhlobo. Kuze kube manje, kukhona amaqembu ayisishiyagalolunye Botanical:

• dent;
• wavele;
• silicon;
• poluzubovidnaya (okuvame kakhulu);
• okunesitashi;
• ushukela;
• Okunesitashi ushukela;
• filmy (cishe azihlakulele);
• waxy (ezindaweni ezincane kulinywe).

irayisi

Kucatshangwa okwazalelwa kuyo irayisi kuyinto India. Kukhona-ke kutshalwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ukuthi kuya 8 BC leminyaka e Central Asia ne eminyaka 2-3 th BC, futhi e-United States eyaziwa kusukela 15-16 th. Ososayensi bathambekele ukukholelwa ukuthi kwakunguSamuweli irayisi isivuno sokuqala kakhulu, indoda ahoxiswa.

Lokhu wokudla has 20 zilwane, kukhona engaphezu kwenkulungwane izinhlobo zalo. Kodwa konke lokhu ezihlukahlukene lihlukaniswe ngesimo okusanhlamvu zibe izinhlobo ezintathu:

• okusanhlamvu eside;
• kruglozernisty;
• naphakathi-grained.

Minyaka yonke, abalimi ukuzalela izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane. Isidingo izinhlobo ephezulu ngibekezele futhi ukubekezela kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani elingaphezu kwengxenye yabantu bomhlaba likholelwa irayisi ukudla okuyisisekelo. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ubizwa ngokuthi igolide esimhlophe isinkwa sesibili (nakuba isinkwa kubhakwa kusuka akusiyo).

Etshalwayo irayisi emazweni ezishisayo. Lokhu kudinga ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile. Into esemqoka for isiko - ukuthambisa obuningi futhi ukushisa. Amanzi linendima ebalulekile - eqinisweni kakhulu ukutshala lwenzeka Amasimu enezikhukhula.

ibhali

Kanye ukolweni, ibhali - wokudla omdala emhlabeni. Ngako ezitholakala ahlukene sezizwe Yurophu, eMelika ePhakathi West Asia, e-Egypt.

Thanda kakolweni, ke limelelwa wonke amazwekazi. Lesi sitshalo kutshalwa ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ibhali ibizwa kakhulu "enyakatho" wokudla. It kungabonakala kufika ku-70-latitude (e Norway). Sikhula ezintabeni:

• endaweni engamamitha 1900 m ezintabeni zase-Alps;
• endaweni engamamitha 2700 m eCaucasus;
• endaweni engamamitha 3050 m at Hindukush;
• endaweni engamamitha 4700 amamitha Tibet.

Ibhali afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye nenhlabathi. izindawo esidi sandy akuzona endawni yayo. izindawo kakhulu ezimanzi noma izimbuku athwale ingozi umnkantsha isiko. Ngokuvamile, izinga okusanhlamvu incike ukucutshungulwa wangaphezulu. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 izinhlobo zezitshalo. Kukhona ebusika kanye entwasahlobo izinhlobo.

oats

Kukholakala ukuthi isikhathi oats wokuqala waqala ngokuthi ukuhlakulela eYurophu. Wild ekhula isiko kakhulu sensitive amakhaza, ngakho ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ube ngukhokho ngqo of oat yesimanje. Kukhona theory owawuthi zonke okusanhlamvu bafakwa Atlantis - nezwekazi lushone.

Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngu-25 izinhlobo oats. Lena ukudla ewusizo kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. lokucuketfwe fat Small lokusanhlamvu kunomthelela ukudedelwa cholesterol umzimba. Lokhu kuqinisekisa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela inhliziyo futhi sokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuvimbela isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi.

Kwezolimo, okusanhlamvu isetshenziswa ifomu okumsulwa lokondla nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene isilwane noma njengendlela wengxenye in the Izingxube okuphakelayo.