Ngavula UVasco da Gama? Izikhangibavakashi UVasco da Gama

Age of Discovery - isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando ebalulekile kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Yiqiniso, abantu amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika cishe uyavumelana nale sitatimende, kodwa impucuko yethu iyonke ukubaluleka ucwaningo nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Amagama izinduna abanesibindi inkathi ekhazimula phakade sihleli e-izincwadi zomlando, kodwa ngoba manje ukwazi umfundi ngamunye.

Kodwa akubona bonke abantu ubhale ipumelelo la madoda amakhulu kweqiniso. Akuwona wonke umuntu, isibonelo, impendulo yombuzo othi owavula UVasco da Gama. Yilokho sibheka kulesi sihloko.

mlando Key biography

UVasco da Gama (1460-1524) - nezwe odumile Itilosi isiPutukezi, okuphila kwakhe wafika nje ngaleso sikhathi eminingi etholakale okukhulu. Famous ngokuba ngowokuqala emlandweni kwavula indlela yasolwandle neNdiya. Ngesinye isikhathi ngisho yazenzela isikhundla eziphakeme viceroy isiPutukezi India. Kafushane, biography of UVasco da Gama amumethe zezenzakalo ezivelele.

Izazimlando eziningi zikhomba ukuthi leli phayona ngomqondo okuqinile elithi wayengasekho (ngokungafani Magellan). Nakuba Hristoforu Kolumbu kwadingeka ukuba ujuluke ukukholisa amandla ukuthi kube nesidingo ahlele uhambo UVasco da Gama kwezimo ezinje awuzange umshado. Isizathu ukuthi nje le nkosi wammisa njengenhloko "owathola le indlela yasolwandle eNdiya."

Sailor izinhlangano lucky umkhankaso futhi: nethimba lakhe uyosinika konke okungcono, azi ukubaluleka kwalesi senzakalo.

Njengoba siqala kusukela biography of UVasco da Gama? Mayelana okuningi likanina akwaziwa, kodwa uyise kwakungezesizwana ekilasini knightly lasendulo nezicebi. Umnqobi esizayo kwezilwandle wayenabafowabo ezinhlanu futhi udade.

Ukwahlulela nge "yebo" egameni lakhe, umndeni wakhe nakanjani kwakungekaNkulunkulu izikhulu eliphakeme. Ngokwe-mlando isiPutukezi, omunye wokhokho of the UVasco da Gama (Biography of isihambi kuqinisekisa lokhu) kanye wazehlukanisa empini yokulwa Moor, ngoba yena wanikwa knighthood.

Lapho wafundiswa njengoba esathola ikusasa indlela yasolwandle eNdiya? Maye, lapho has liyokwahlulelwa kuphela ezinyathelweni bezimo. Okuningi noma okuncane thembeke ke kuphela ukuthi Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona navigation abasha UVasco da Gama fundile Evora ezaziwayo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi lwazi lugcinwa kulezi wesayensi, kuthathwa, lapho-Portuguese wasihlonipha abantu baye bakwazi usethe Yiqiniso futhi abhekane sextant.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izikhulu isiPutukezi kwakungasekho okunye ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphathelene nomsebenzi wabo. Uma umuntu kwakungekaNkulunkulu kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa namanje kwaba knight, ngendlela - kuphela indaba yamasosha. Njengoba sazi ukuthi impi ucishe sina kusezweni Portugal akekho kwaholela kodwa ngenkuthalo kokuthuthukiswa komhlaba kwezilwandle, cishe zonke izicukuthwane babe izikhulu asolwandle.

Hhayi baphepha izindlela ezifanayo futhi abasha UVasco da Gama: Biography (kuhlanganise ukuvulwa), kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi izinduna abanamakhono kakhudlwana ePortugal ngaleso sikhathi empeleni cha.

Life UVasco da Gama phambi uhambo lwakhe India

Emuva ngo-1492 ezinye corsairs French bakwazi sibamba wezimpahla ocebile, okuyinto waya Portugal. Monarch kulelizwe ekhazimulayo kabaze baba lakho ukuma impudence ezinjalo, ngakho-ke icala ukuze intokazi wohlanga olukhulu uhambo nge kuphangwa ingajezisa ngasogwini, athumba zonke enkantolo French ezitholakala kuleyo ndawo. Poruchenets wagcwalisa umsebenzi ngokushesha ngakho nangempumelelo ukuthi amasela kwadingeka abuyele konke. Njengoba kungenzeka uye ukuyichaza, lokhu knight abanesibindi kwaba UVasco da Gama. Ngenxa yokuzimisela kwabo nesibindi washeshe waya enkantolo wasebukhosini.

Ngo 1495 sobukhosi isiPutukezi uManuel I, abangagcini nje ngentshiseko redoubled baqhubeka ibhizinisi ukunwetshwa emazweni zasolwandle eyaziwa, kodwa futhi ukucabanga ngokungathí sina ngokuthuthela ukuvula umzila nautical neNdiya. Ekuqaleni, umholi isigaba waqokwa noBartolomewu Dias. Kodwa inkosi wayazi ukuthi lo mkhankaso kwakudingeka amathalenta hhayi kuphela ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle kodwa futhi umuzwa luyingxenye lempi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo hero yethu. Ngakho ngavula UVasco da Gama esikhathini esizayo?

On indlela yasolwandle eNdiya

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eyandulela yenkosi asebenzayo esephuze isikhathi ukuzama inhlanhla yakhe ukufuna umzila onqamula ezweni. Kwenze Kwakungelula, ngoba lonke engxenyeni esenyakatho Afrika usezandleni we amaMoor esesikhulume ngazo. Kuphela ngemuva kokuphumelela eningizimu yeSahara, kwakunokwenzeka ukufinyelela indlela oyifunayo.

Ngo-1487 umkhankaso waya wathatha uhambo sina. It eyayiholwa izikhulu abanolwazi - Peru da Covilhã futhi Afonso de Paiva. Okokuqala-ke wakwazi ukufeza India oyifunayo kudlulisa umyalezo ezweni yokwesabela inguquko esinjalo. Kakade 1488 Bartolomeu Dias azokuqhubela isifundo eningiliziwe ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Black Izwekazi. Kwakubonakala sengathi uJohn II imayelana ukuba trump ikhadi esiqine esandleni - indlela eNdiya kuzoqinisekisa ukugeleza engaguquki kwezinsiza. Ngakho kungani UVasco da Gama kanye kokutholakala indlela yasolwandle eNdiya senibe kwibanga elibalulekile emlandweni Portugal, nayo yonke impucuko womuntu?

Ukudalelwa abakholelwa ukuthi ngenye: inkosi uyafa indlalifa kuphela, futhi ngoba okwesikhashana cishe ngokuphelele ngomgomo wokuqasha. Nokho, ubengenakwenza okuningi: ngokwesibonelo, ukuba ahambe bomkhankaso Yakhiwa lonke lwemikhumbi unqambothi, ogama design ngesikhathi wagqoka notorious Bartolomeu Dias.

Lapho inkosi ifa e 1495, uManuel I - umlandeli wakhe - kuqala umcabango okungenani yeNdiya. Kodwa isimo sezombangazwe ngamazwe uye wazakhela ngendlela yokuthi ngaphandle sekuyinto kungenzeki maduze. ukulungiselela Fast semashi omkhulu waqhubeka.

Isisetshenziswa bomkhankaso lokuqala

Ukwakhela phezu kwasiphi umkhumbi labetibambile uhambo yayo UVasco da Gama? Ngesikhathi inhloko yalawa isigaba wasukuma, "San Gabriel". Umkhumbi ekilasini efanayo, "San Rafael", yaba ngaphansi umyalo uPawulu - umfowabo UVasco da Gama. Bobabili badayisa isikebhe babephakathi okubizwa ngokuthi ekilasini nao. Lawa kwakungamadodana imikhumbi emikhulu kakhulu, okuyinto kwafinyelela ukuhamba amathani 120-150. Ngenxa ezibanzi oseyili square bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini ehloniphekile, kodwa babengesibo Clumsy ngokwanele, kodwa hhayi kakhulu uyakuthanda amatilosi ukuzisebenzisela ukuhwebelana eside ngaphandle kokubheka ogwini.

Okuphambene kwaba Flagship "Berry". Lo mkhumbi kuyinto - emincanyana caravel beshesha. Lase sikuhlomele noseyili lefanele, ungalibalekeli, elaliholwa Nicolau Coelho. Ekugcineni, isigaba wawuyingxenye iloli, noma igama noma eminye imininingwane is hhayi egcinwe.

mayelana navigation

Akumangalisi ukuthi ukunakekela okunjalo kwinhlangano bomkhankaso imishini yayo zanikezelwa amathuluzi engcono sokuthungatha indlela isikhathi. Itilosi Chief baba Peru Alenquer. Lokhu Sailor oluvelele kakade iye yakufakazela ngokuphelele ngokwabo emkhankasweni Dias (okuyinto sishilo ngenhla). Ngaphandle izikhulu main ebhodini babe umpristi, umbhali, isazi sezinkanyezi. Zinakekelwe abahumushi abambalwa abasiza ekubhekaneni abomdabu. Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, inani nezisebenzi lafinyelela abantu 170.

isiko philanthropic

Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakukhona isiko ukwazi. Esikebheni kwakuneqembu emikhankasweni enjalo ukuthatha zezigebengu. Yiqiniso, senza it hhayi ukuze ukwethula ubuhle iziboshwa emazweni aphesheya. Zazisetshenziswa njengokudla scouts, ukushaya kanye nezinye izimo lapho ungafuni engozini izimpilo izisebenzi njalo. Nokho, bona kanye iziboshwa kwaba "ukukhanya ekupheleni emhubheni." Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isono abantu abenza zasendle, wathola inkululeko navigation ekugcineni. Uma waphila out, yebo.

umsoco

Khumbula sishilo mayelana umkhumbi ezokuthutha? Faka it owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo laqala kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Dias, lapho indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo ikufakazele kusebenta aphakeme. On the isitsha isitoreji wagcinwa supply elikhulu amalungiselelo, amafomu, esikhululekile zokuboshelwa amathuluzi. Ukudla ngokuchichima akazange kukhanye ithimba: iphalishi, yenkomo corned, amabhisikidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, solder aqukethe esincane iwayini. Amakhambi kanye izithelo, inhlanzi kanye fresh inyama ekhishwe amabutho ngokwabo amatilosi yokupaka.

Wonke amadoda angama-nezikhulu wanika iholo elihle (ngaphandle "Ibutho lokujeziswa"). Ngenxa romance ulwandle uma zizohamba ibanga nokuhamba akekho waya. Nokho, uhambo UVasco da Gama kwaba umsebenzi luyingxenye kwezohwebo, ukuze isimangaliso akuyona ncamashi kunesidingo.

Imikhumbi isigaba bebehlome?

Ngesikhathi izikhali on shumbi Seledlulise kulezo izigqulo bakudala, okuyizinto ikuyo yonke indawo ngenkathi ekuseni. Ngamunye the "nar" wayengekho izingcezu engaphansi kwengama-20, futhi kwaba ifakwe nambili Caravel izibhamu. izikhali Siqu owawufana iqembu Spanish: isihlangu sesifuba efanayo futhi halberds, imimese kanye izinkemba. Kwakukhona futhi muskets ambalwa ngesibhamu. Quality kugcwele namavolovolo lalilincane ukuze kungazithinta kakhulu ku umphumela iziqubu, ngokuvamile hhayi enikeziwe.

8 ngo-July 1497 nge okukhulu udumo isigaba ngomkhumbi esuka ethekwini Lisbon. Indlela waya wamazwe omkhulu kwenkathi - UVasco da Gama. Ukutholakala kwe-India (noma kunalokho, indlela yasolwandle khona) kwaba isiseduze!

Qala umkhankaso

Kokuqulwa kwecala kwimodi ejwayelekile: imikhumbi ngomkhumbi eduze Serra Leone. inzuzo Ukuthatha izeluleko ezinhle Dias uhambo kakhulu ephambuka kuya entshonalanga emzileni ukugwema elikhulu nomoya onamandla. Yena ngokwakhe, ngenhlanhla, wayethuthele kakade kude armada emkhunjini ehlukile, isihloko enqabeni Elmina Castle. Kube Dias lithathe yomnyango Usigaxamabhande.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iqembu lethu usewenzile kakade i hook umxhwele Atlantic Ocean, ngemva kwalokho waphinde wabona coast isiPutukezi Omnyama Izwekazi. 4 Novemba 1497 kwakukhona Uzalo enkulu ihange bay, okuyinto ngokushesha wathola igama St Helena. Crew wathola oda yokupaka eside, njengoba imikhumbi namanje kakhulu ashaywa olwandle oluvulekile, kodwa ukwenza wonke umsebenzi kuhlulekile. Endleleni, wakwazi ukuthola ezinye izingcezu sezwe samanje nezimagqabhagqabha ngokuphuthumayo imikhumbi. Nakhu ukuthi UVasco da Gama wathola iziqhingi lingenamuntu.

Bendawo kwaba nobutha kakhulu. Nokho, uma kubhekwa isibalo ngezigqila ezindaweni akumangalisi kwakungeyona. UVasco da Gama yena kwaba kwelinye skirmishes umcibisholo emlenzeni, bese isigaba baqhubekela.

Kodwa ukuhlolwa main kwakuseza. Ngobukhulu ubunzima, kokuba babanjwa eCape of Iziphepho (Good Hope), imikhumbi kwehla ihange ethekwini Mossel Bay. Hulking esithwala sezulu ezidlikizekile kabi ukuthi kwakudingeka bashise. Ngenhlanhla, kunezilwane abomdabu balapha enomusa kakhulu ukuba lezihambi, futhi ngenxa yalokho akunakwenzeka kuphela ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ukulungisa lwemikhumbi, kodwa futhi ubuyise amanzi nokudla izimpahla. indlela Ikusasa walala mpumalanga.

perfidy Arab

Disemba 16, 1497 amatilosi abone okuthunyelwe ekhumbulekayo zokugcina, ezashiya Dias uhambo emuva 1488. Zonke akuthatha njengesinqumo hle bika futhi premonitions sagcwaliseka: yonke ngenyanga yalolu hambo lidlule ngaphandle ukubambezeleka izingozi. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi imikhumbi uhambo ngomkhumbi kanye osogwini olusenyakatho ngempela ophucuzekile.

Iqiniso lokuthi ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika sekuyisikhathi eside esizindeni Arabhu, futhi bayazi ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya izizwe isigamu-esinonya ogwini olusentshonalanga, eyaziwa kahle e-Europe. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu, wadlula ngempela ngokuthula (ngoba leyo minyaka) bomkhankaso ka UVasco da Gama. Sea lapho usendleleni eya eNdiya wayewathathile izimpilo amatilosi, kodwana bahlongakala ngombana kahle nezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okukhulu Zenkolo, isimo sengqondo maqondana nabo kwakwamukeleka ngempela, kodwa namanje Zazikhona izinkinga.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-Mozambique waqala ukuhilizisana nesimiso sokuqondisa wendawo. Futhi kwakungeyona enkolweni, okuyinto baphikise kakhulu Arabhu ngokuvamile ngizinake, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi abathengisi bendawo esolwa mncintiswano isiPutukezi. UVasco da Gama wayengekho izikweletu, kancane kokudubula osogwini olusenyakatho engamili lutho.

Ngo emachwebeni of Mombasa futhi Malindi uhambo wahlangana hhayi ngcono kakhulu. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa sheikh wendawo bazamukela futhi singabangane abakhulu. Nokho, wayenezizathu bakhe: amaPutukezi kamnandi kalula yasayina sivumelwano umfelandawonye ngokumelene ezinye izitha ezivamile. Ngo Malindi uhambo ekugcineni betholana nabathengisi baseNdiya. nobunzima Omkhulu futhi zibiza imali eningi yokuthola inqubo onokwethenjelwa umshayeli. ekugcineni 20 Meyi 1498 imikhumbi weqembu lemikhumbi safinyelela ogwini India.

Vasco eqala ukuvakashela emzini ICalicut (manje Kozhikode). Imeya yemukele izivakashi emcimbini omkhulu. Kodwa lapha, abathengisi Muslim waqala kabusha ufake induku isondo. Ubuhlobo nemeya sawohloka kakhulu, ibhizinisi sasisibi. Nokho, wakwazi ukuthola ngokuthengisa eningi namatshe ayigugu nezinongo. Ngokusho lakudala, le UVasco da Gama phindisela izakhamuzi owayengenakho ukwazisa, sase sifika izindonga zomuzi cores amaningi nokuthatha ambalwa abathunjwa. Ngo Goa, amaPutukezi bazama ukwenza isici yomthengisi, kodwa lapha bahluleka.

Umzila ulwandle ukuze ogwini India - owavula UVasco da Gama!

ukubuya

Kwadingeka niguquke futhi uhambe ekhaya. Nokho, ukuze bakhononde ngamamaki ukuthi isono uhlole isimo sezwe, ubudlelwane ukuhweba, siqala kahle, kusungulwa. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba isici esibalulekile ukusungulwa kokubusa isiPutukezi lezo zindawo, okunomthelela omkhulu yedwa UVasco da Gama. abahambi Omkhulu yaleyo minyaka ngokuvamile baba osopolitiki abanamakhono futhi abakhuzi bempi, ngakho akukho esethusayo Iqiniso yomlando wakhe khona.

Kodwa owayezofika, inqobo nje uma Mariners kwakusadingeka lukhule futhi iyingozi emuva. Basuke sihlushwa pirates waseSomalia (kuncane kangakanani osekushintshile kusukela isimo kule ndawo), ukushisa kakhulu kuye, futhi ukutheleleka ukudla. Eyesibili ngoJanuwari 1499 emzini Mogadishu kwaba "nokuvimbela" umlilo kusukela izibhamu, ke isigaba salibangisa Malindi.

nokungcebeleka

Januwari 7, 1499, bafika idolobha elalidume lapho ekugcineni wakwazi ukuthatha ikhefu olwandle futhi yobunzima womkhumbi ezinenzondo. Futhi kulesi sikhathi, Sheikh enikeziwe isidlo kakhulu nezindawo zokuhlala, kodwa ngoba izinsuku ezinhlanu nje iqembu perked phezulu kakhulu.

Indlela baqhubeka, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kokulahleka: Januwari 13 eduze Mombasa ngenxa ukuvuza ezinzima futhi kwadingeka ukuba ngithi goodbye kuya kwelinye izitsha. Maphakathi no-April, lwemikhumbi mpilo wakwazi ukufinyelela Cape Verde. Lendlu wawuyizingalo asevele ekhona. Ukuze amqinisekise imikhaya futhi inkosi wathumela umkhumbi, owawungumnyaka lokuqala ukuletha izindaba kokuphothula bomkhankaso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Vasco mfowethu, Paulo, ubangwa nezibi, kodwa ngoba induna wahlala eyedwa.

Kuphela ekupheleni Agasti (noma Septhemba) ngo-1499 izinsalela Armada ngeqholo eboshelwe emtateni laseLisbon. Yilokho wavula UVasco da Gama. Marco Polo nezinye amatilosi esikhulu eminyakeni edlule kungenzeka ngokufanelekile siziqhenye yezindaba uzakwabo!

Ukubuya futhi umvuzo

imikhumbi emibili kuphela futhi zezisebenzi 55 weza osogwini olusenyakatho lwakubo. Kodwa kusukela iphuzu zezimali umbono, impumelelo kwakumane lokukwazi: Izimali ezivela ukuhweba nama-Arabhu kanye namaNdiya kuyinto izikhathi 60 ephakeme ukwedlula zonke izindleko lenhlangano bomkhankaso ngokwayo (!). Akumangazi ukuthi igama UVasco da Gama kanye kokutholakala indlela yasolwandle ukuze eNdiya babe nomqondo ofanayo iminyaka eminingi ezayo ngenxa yalokhu!

UManuel I wajabula kakhulu. Vasco ithole isihloko eliphezulu kakhulu Don, impesheni eside futhi icebo enkulu ezweni. Njengoba sazi ukuthi UVasco da Gama wathola lapho usendleleni eya eNdiya, okuyinto wayedume umcebo walo asendulo, idumisa ezinjalo kulula ukuchaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhawe zethu zaqala ukugcwala esondele umeluleki wenkosi, ukuze bonke ubunzima neze yize. ENdiya, uzokuya ngokuphindaphindiwe, sivikele izithakazelo ezweni lakubo ku osogwini olusenyakatho ekude.

Ekupheleni 1524, UVasco da Gama wafa, walahlekelwa ukuphila emhlabathini Indian. Usalokhu ephethwe ukusungula okuthunyelwe ukuhweba eGoa, okuyinto wahlala ngaphansi protectorate yasePortugal kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-20. Bantfu bakitsi nani namanje kakhulu ngihloniphe inkumbulo amatilosi edume nokuvulwa nokuphila UVasco da Gama okufundiswa ezikoleni. It is esigama ngemva kwebhuloho ku Lisbon, futhi kuphela lemali enikelwe art wenza mikhulu.

Sesihlole owavula UVasco da Gama. Sithemba ulwazi elinikezwe ngenhla kuyoba wusizo kuwe.